Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is credited with first measuring the charge of an electron?
Who is credited with first measuring the charge of an electron?
- Richard Feynman
- Robert Millikan (correct)
- George Stoney
- James Chadwick
What is the process by which electrons are emitted from the surface of a heated metal called?
What is the process by which electrons are emitted from the surface of a heated metal called?
- Electrolysis
- Nuclear fission
- Photoelectric effect
- Thermionic emission (correct)
In a cathode ray tube, what causes the electrons to accelerate toward the anode?
In a cathode ray tube, what causes the electrons to accelerate toward the anode?
- The fluorescent screen
- The heating coil
- A magnetic field
- A high potential difference (correct)
Which of the following best describes how the electron beam is controlled in a cathode ray tube?
Which of the following best describes how the electron beam is controlled in a cathode ray tube?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of a cathode ray tube?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of a cathode ray tube?
What is the primary role of the heating coil in a cathode ray tube?
What is the primary role of the heating coil in a cathode ray tube?
What is the smallest amount of electrical charge found in nature?
What is the smallest amount of electrical charge found in nature?
What is the purpose of the fluorescent screen in a cathode ray tube?
What is the purpose of the fluorescent screen in a cathode ray tube?
What is the primary mechanism by which electrons are released from the cathode in an X-ray tube?
What is the primary mechanism by which electrons are released from the cathode in an X-ray tube?
In an X-ray tube, what is the primary purpose of the high voltage applied between the cathode and the anode?
In an X-ray tube, what is the primary purpose of the high voltage applied between the cathode and the anode?
What material is commonly used for the anode in an X-ray tube, and why?
What material is commonly used for the anode in an X-ray tube, and why?
Why is lead shielding used in the construction of an X-ray tube?
Why is lead shielding used in the construction of an X-ray tube?
Which of the following is NOT a property of cathode rays?
Which of the following is NOT a property of cathode rays?
Which of the following best describes the process of X-ray production in an X-ray tube?
Which of the following best describes the process of X-ray production in an X-ray tube?
What does one electron volt (eV) represent?
What does one electron volt (eV) represent?
Which property of X-rays makes them useful in medical imaging?
Which property of X-rays makes them useful in medical imaging?
An electron's potential energy is given by $W=QV$. What is an alternative way this energy can be converted to?
An electron's potential energy is given by $W=QV$. What is an alternative way this energy can be converted to?
In what way can X-ray production be regarded as the inverse of the photoelectric effect?
In what way can X-ray production be regarded as the inverse of the photoelectric effect?
What is the force experienced by an electron moving at right angles within a magnetic field?
What is the force experienced by an electron moving at right angles within a magnetic field?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of X-rays?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of X-rays?
What is the primary hazard associated with X-ray exposure?
What is the primary hazard associated with X-ray exposure?
How is the radius of the circular path of an electron moving in a magnetic field determined?
How is the radius of the circular path of an electron moving in a magnetic field determined?
Who is credited with the discovery of the electron as a fundamental particle?
Who is credited with the discovery of the electron as a fundamental particle?
What phenomenon is described as the emission of electrons from a metal when electromagnetic radiation falls upon it?
What phenomenon is described as the emission of electrons from a metal when electromagnetic radiation falls upon it?
What did William Crookes famously develop related to the study of electrons?
What did William Crookes famously develop related to the study of electrons?
In the photoelectric effect, what is the term for the energy that goes into liberating an electron from the metal?
In the photoelectric effect, what is the term for the energy that goes into liberating an electron from the metal?
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a hot object emits electrons?
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a hot object emits electrons?
What determines whether a photon can release an electron in the photoelectric effect?
What determines whether a photon can release an electron in the photoelectric effect?
What is the energy unit 'eV' (electron volt) commonly used for in physics related to the electron?
What is the energy unit 'eV' (electron volt) commonly used for in physics related to the electron?
Given the equation: Energy of incident photon = Energy required to free an electron + kinetic energy of the photo-electron, how can this be written using symbols?
Given the equation: Energy of incident photon = Energy required to free an electron + kinetic energy of the photo-electron, how can this be written using symbols?
In the photoelectric effect, what is the threshold frequency?
In the photoelectric effect, what is the threshold frequency?
What notable discoveries occurred during the period roughly between 1895-1905?
What notable discoveries occurred during the period roughly between 1895-1905?
What is the purpose of a photocell in a circuit?
What is the purpose of a photocell in a circuit?
What is smallest unit of charge found in nature?
What is smallest unit of charge found in nature?
What effect does increasing the intensity of light have on a photocell?
What effect does increasing the intensity of light have on a photocell?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of photoelectric sensing devices?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of photoelectric sensing devices?
How are X-rays produced in an X-ray tube?
How are X-rays produced in an X-ray tube?
What is the relationship between the photon’s energy (E), Planck's constant (h), and the frequency of the wave (f)?
What is the relationship between the photon’s energy (E), Planck's constant (h), and the frequency of the wave (f)?
What is the primary function of the electron gun in a cathode ray tube (CRT)?
What is the primary function of the electron gun in a cathode ray tube (CRT)?
In a color television CRT, what determines the color of a pixel?
In a color television CRT, what determines the color of a pixel?
If an electron is accelerated across a potential difference of V, which of the following correctly expresses the gain in kinetic energy?
If an electron is accelerated across a potential difference of V, which of the following correctly expresses the gain in kinetic energy?
What is the common unit used to measure electron energies, which is typically smaller than Joules?
What is the common unit used to measure electron energies, which is typically smaller than Joules?
When an electron moves perpendicular to a magnetic field, what type of path will it follow?
When an electron moves perpendicular to a magnetic field, what type of path will it follow?
Which of the following correctly describes why an electron moving in a circle is accelerating?
Which of the following correctly describes why an electron moving in a circle is accelerating?
Who first proposed that light energy is quantized by introducing the idea of packets of light called photons?
Who first proposed that light energy is quantized by introducing the idea of packets of light called photons?
Which of the following best describes what is meant by quantization of energy?
Which of the following best describes what is meant by quantization of energy?
In the context of the photoelectric effect, what does the work function refer to?
In the context of the photoelectric effect, what does the work function refer to?
According to Einstein's description of the photon, what is a key characteristic of the energy of electromagnetic radiation?
According to Einstein's description of the photon, what is a key characteristic of the energy of electromagnetic radiation?
In the photoelectric effect, where is the incident light energy absorbed by an electron?
In the photoelectric effect, where is the incident light energy absorbed by an electron?
What is the main difference between ionization energy and work function?
What is the main difference between ionization energy and work function?
Which of these scientists first proposed that heat energy is quantized?
Which of these scientists first proposed that heat energy is quantized?
About how many pixels are present on a screen of 640-by-480?
About how many pixels are present on a screen of 640-by-480?
What is one of the main factors that determines the quality of a television screen?
What is one of the main factors that determines the quality of a television screen?
Which scientist is credited with initially proposing the idea of 'negatively charged corpuscles' smaller than hydrogen atoms?
Which scientist is credited with initially proposing the idea of 'negatively charged corpuscles' smaller than hydrogen atoms?
What phenomenon did G.P. Thompson demonstrate regarding the nature of electrons?
What phenomenon did G.P. Thompson demonstrate regarding the nature of electrons?
What technology was used to determine the structure of DNA molecules?
What technology was used to determine the structure of DNA molecules?
What is the significance of the book, 'The Double Helix'?
What is the significance of the book, 'The Double Helix'?
What is the purpose of the high voltage between the cathode and anode in a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)?
What is the purpose of the high voltage between the cathode and anode in a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)?
What is the process by which electrons are emitted from a heated metal surface called?
What is the process by which electrons are emitted from a heated metal surface called?
What happens to the energy of an electron when it strikes the screen of a CRT?
What happens to the energy of an electron when it strikes the screen of a CRT?
Which particle is emitted from a metal surface when light of a suitable frequency shines on it?
Which particle is emitted from a metal surface when light of a suitable frequency shines on it?
What is a photon?
What is a photon?
What key aspect of light's nature did the quantum theory reveal?
What key aspect of light's nature did the quantum theory reveal?
In the context of electron diffraction, what role does carbon play?
In the context of electron diffraction, what role does carbon play?
The work function of a metal is typically measured in which energy unit?
The work function of a metal is typically measured in which energy unit?
According to the material, the term 'Big Bang' was:
According to the material, the term 'Big Bang' was:
In the context of X-ray crystallography, what did Bragg (Senior and Junior) use to determine the internal structure of various crystals?
In the context of X-ray crystallography, what did Bragg (Senior and Junior) use to determine the internal structure of various crystals?
Which of the following is most closely associated with the understanding of the wave behavior of the electron?
Which of the following is most closely associated with the understanding of the wave behavior of the electron?
What is the phenomenon where light incident on a metal surface causes the emission of electrons?
What is the phenomenon where light incident on a metal surface causes the emission of electrons?
Which of the following is a practical application of the photoelectric effect?
Which of the following is a practical application of the photoelectric effect?
What determines the energy of incident light in the context of the photoelectric effect?
What determines the energy of incident light in the context of the photoelectric effect?
What is the term for a single packet of electromagnetic radiation?
What is the term for a single packet of electromagnetic radiation?
In the photoelectric effect, what does an increase in the intensity of light with sufficient energy cause?
In the photoelectric effect, what does an increase in the intensity of light with sufficient energy cause?
When ultraviolet light shines on a negatively charged zinc plate connected to an electroscope, what happens to the leaves of the electroscope?
When ultraviolet light shines on a negatively charged zinc plate connected to an electroscope, what happens to the leaves of the electroscope?
What is the work function energy in the analogy of the Photoelectric Effect?
What is the work function energy in the analogy of the Photoelectric Effect?
What term describes the minimum energy required to release an electron from the surface of a metal?
What term describes the minimum energy required to release an electron from the surface of a metal?
Why does the gold leaf of a negatively charged electroscope collapse when ultraviolet radiation is shone on a zinc plate?
Why does the gold leaf of a negatively charged electroscope collapse when ultraviolet radiation is shone on a zinc plate?
According to the provided content, what is one limitation of using the nightclub analogy to explain the photoelectric effect?
According to the provided content, what is one limitation of using the nightclub analogy to explain the photoelectric effect?
What prevents the collapse of the gold leaf when a piece of ordinary glass covers the zinc during ultraviolet radiation exposure?
What prevents the collapse of the gold leaf when a piece of ordinary glass covers the zinc during ultraviolet radiation exposure?
How can X-ray radiation potentially harm a person's DNA?
How can X-ray radiation potentially harm a person's DNA?
If the energy of an incident photon exceeds the work function of a metal, what does the excess energy become?
If the energy of an incident photon exceeds the work function of a metal, what does the excess energy become?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the early views of Max Planck on light?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the early views of Max Planck on light?
What is the primary reason why ordinary glass absorbs ultraviolet light?
What is the primary reason why ordinary glass absorbs ultraviolet light?
Why does illuminating the zinc with green light not cause the gold leaf to collapse?
Why does illuminating the zinc with green light not cause the gold leaf to collapse?
If the electroscope is positively charged with no UV light, why do the leaves not collapse when zinc is attached?
If the electroscope is positively charged with no UV light, why do the leaves not collapse when zinc is attached?
Why does green light typically not cause photoemission from a zinc plate?
Why does green light typically not cause photoemission from a zinc plate?
What was Einstein's initial reaction to the idea that nuclear events are governed by probabilities?
What was Einstein's initial reaction to the idea that nuclear events are governed by probabilities?
What 'fudge factor' did Einstein introduce into his equations for General Relativity, and why?
What 'fudge factor' did Einstein introduce into his equations for General Relativity, and why?
In a photocell, what occurs at the cathode (A) when light falls upon it?
In a photocell, what occurs at the cathode (A) when light falls upon it?
In a photoelectric experiment, what happens when the electroscope is positively charged?
In a photoelectric experiment, what happens when the electroscope is positively charged?
If the frequency of incident radiation is below the threshold frequency, what will not occur?
If the frequency of incident radiation is below the threshold frequency, what will not occur?
What happened to Einstein's reputation near the end of his career?
What happened to Einstein's reputation near the end of his career?
How does increasing the brightness of the light incident on the photocell impact the current in the circuit?
How does increasing the brightness of the light incident on the photocell impact the current in the circuit?
What is the general relationship between the intensity of light and the current produced in a photocell, when the frequency is above threshold?
What is the general relationship between the intensity of light and the current produced in a photocell, when the frequency is above threshold?
What is the name given to the process where electrons are emitted from the surface of a hot metal?
What is the name given to the process where electrons are emitted from the surface of a hot metal?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the liberation of electrons in the Photoelectric Effect?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the liberation of electrons in the Photoelectric Effect?
What type of electromagnetic radiation is used in X-ray machines?
What type of electromagnetic radiation is used in X-ray machines?
What is the primary role of the high voltage across an X-ray tube?
What is the primary role of the high voltage across an X-ray tube?
What observation led to the conclusion that light acts like a particle?
What observation led to the conclusion that light acts like a particle?
What would happen if you increased the intensity of light that does not have enough energy to liberate an electron using the photoelectric effect?
What would happen if you increased the intensity of light that does not have enough energy to liberate an electron using the photoelectric effect?
What physical property allows X-rays to be used to detect flaws in metals?
What physical property allows X-rays to be used to detect flaws in metals?
Which material is commonly used for the target in an X-ray tube?
Which material is commonly used for the target in an X-ray tube?
In an X-ray tube, what is the primary purpose of the high voltage applied between the anode and cathode?
In an X-ray tube, what is the primary purpose of the high voltage applied between the anode and cathode?
What happens to the majority of the electron's energy when it hits the target in an X-ray tube?
What happens to the majority of the electron's energy when it hits the target in an X-ray tube?
Which scientist is credited with realizing that light behaves like a particle?
Which scientist is credited with realizing that light behaves like a particle?
In addition to being ionizing, what did the given text suggest the use of X-rays were used for?
In addition to being ionizing, what did the given text suggest the use of X-rays were used for?
Why is a lead shield typically placed around an X-ray tube?
Why is a lead shield typically placed around an X-ray tube?
Why is tungsten commonly used as the target material in X-ray tubes?
Why is tungsten commonly used as the target material in X-ray tubes?
Which of the following describes how electrons are produced at the cathode of an X-ray tube?
Which of the following describes how electrons are produced at the cathode of an X-ray tube?
What alternative end of the universe was mentioned, that may cause Einstein's 'fudge factor' to not be a mistake?
What alternative end of the universe was mentioned, that may cause Einstein's 'fudge factor' to not be a mistake?
How do X-rays differ from light rays?
How do X-rays differ from light rays?
What is the relationship between X-ray production and the photoelectric effect?
What is the relationship between X-ray production and the photoelectric effect?
What occurs at the filament (A) within an X-ray tube?
What occurs at the filament (A) within an X-ray tube?
Flashcards
Electron
Electron
A theoretical particle that carries a negative charge and orbits the nucleus of an atom. It is the smallest unit of charge found in nature.
Thermionic Emission
Thermionic Emission
The phenomenon where electrons are emitted from the surface of a heated metal. This happens when heat energy provides enough energy for electrons to overcome the attractive forces holding them to the metal.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
A vacuum tube that uses a stream of accelerated electrons to create an image on a screen.
Cathode
Cathode
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Anode
Anode
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Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
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Deflection of Cathode Rays
Deflection of Cathode Rays
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Television or Computer CRT
Television or Computer CRT
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X-ray Production
X-ray Production
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X-rays
X-rays
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Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric Effect
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Photon
Photon
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Threshold Frequency
Threshold Frequency
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Einstein's Photoelectric Law
Einstein's Photoelectric Law
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Photocell
Photocell
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Electron Volt (eV)
Electron Volt (eV)
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Work Function
Work Function
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Energy of Photon
Energy of Photon
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Maximum Kinetic Energy of Ejected Electron
Maximum Kinetic Energy of Ejected Electron
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X-ray Radiation
X-ray Radiation
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Ionization
Ionization
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Quantum Theory
Quantum Theory
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Probability in Quantum Physics
Probability in Quantum Physics
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Expanding Universe
Expanding Universe
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General Relativity
General Relativity
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Fudge Factor in General Relativity
Fudge Factor in General Relativity
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Big Crunch
Big Crunch
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Unification of Forces
Unification of Forces
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Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics
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Kinetic Energy of an Electron
Kinetic Energy of an Electron
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Electrical Potential Energy of an Electron
Electrical Potential Energy of an Electron
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Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy
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Electron Motion in a Magnetic Field
Electron Motion in a Magnetic Field
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Electrostatic Deflection (Cathode Ray Tube)
Electrostatic Deflection (Cathode Ray Tube)
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Magnetic Deflection (Cathode Ray Tube)
Magnetic Deflection (Cathode Ray Tube)
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Electron Beam Scanning (Cathode Ray Tube)
Electron Beam Scanning (Cathode Ray Tube)
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Pixel (Picture Element)
Pixel (Picture Element)
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Image Refresh (Cathode Ray Tube)
Image Refresh (Cathode Ray Tube)
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What are cathode rays?
What are cathode rays?
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What are the properties of cathode rays?
What are the properties of cathode rays?
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What is an electron-volt (eV)?
What is an electron-volt (eV)?
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How is the energy of an electron calculated?
How is the energy of an electron calculated?
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How can an electron's potential energy be converted into kinetic energy?
How can an electron's potential energy be converted into kinetic energy?
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What happens to electrons moving in a magnetic field?
What happens to electrons moving in a magnetic field?
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What is the formula for the magnetic force on an electron?
What is the formula for the magnetic force on an electron?
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What is the formula for centripetal force in circular motion?
What is the formula for centripetal force in circular motion?
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How can we calculate the radius of an electron's orbit in a magnetic field?
How can we calculate the radius of an electron's orbit in a magnetic field?
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What is the photoelectric effect?
What is the photoelectric effect?
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Why does ultraviolet light work best for the photoelectric effect?
Why does ultraviolet light work best for the photoelectric effect?
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What did the photoelectric effect prove about light?
What did the photoelectric effect prove about light?
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How is the energy of a photon calculated?
How is the energy of a photon calculated?
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What is Einstein's photoelectric law?
What is Einstein's photoelectric law?
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What is the work function () in the photoelectric effect?
What is the work function () in the photoelectric effect?
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What is a photocell?
What is a photocell?
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Cathode Rays
Cathode Rays
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Photon Energy
Photon Energy
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Kinetic Energy of Emitted Electron
Kinetic Energy of Emitted Electron
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X-ray Imaging
X-ray Imaging
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Einstein's Photoelectric Equation
Einstein's Photoelectric Equation
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Deflection of Electrons
Deflection of Electrons
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Fluorescence
Fluorescence
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Acceleration of Charges
Acceleration of Charges
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Study Notes
The Electron
- The electron is a useful theoretical concept in understanding the natural world.
- Richard Feynman, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist, stated this.
- Electrons orbit the nucleus.
- They have a very small mass.
- They have a negative charge.
- The charge on an electron is the smallest unit of charge found in nature.
- Robert Millikan first measured the charge of the electron.
- George Stoney coined the term "electron."
- Thermionic emission is the release of electrons from a hot metal's surface.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
- A CRT uses a heated cathode (thermionic emission) to create a beam of electrons.
- High voltage accelerates the electrons toward the anode.
- Electrons passing through the anode hole hit the fluorescent screen, producing a visible image.
- Electric and magnetic fields can deflect the electron beam.
- CRTs are used in oscilloscopes, televisions, and computers (now obsolete).
- Cathode rays are high-speed electron beams (a stream of electrons).
- Travel in straight lines.
- Cause substances to fluoresce.
- Deflected by electric/magnetic fields.
- Produce X-rays when striking heavy metals.
Energy Associated with an Electron
- An electron's potential energy (W) is calculated using the formula W = QV.
- The electronvolt (eV) is a smaller unit of energy at the atomic level.
- 1 eV is the energy lost or gained by an electron accelerating through 1 volt.
- 1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 Joules.
- An electron's potential energy converts to kinetic energy (W = ½ mv2).
- Moving electrons in a magnetic field follow a circular path
Magnetic Fields and Electrons
- A beam of electrons moving perpendicular to a magnetic field is bent into a circular path.
- Formula for force
F = Bqv, whereeis the electron charge. - Force is always perpendicular to the velocity.
- Formula is derived from
F=mv^2/r. - Knowing the other variables allows the radius of the path to be calculated.
The Photoelectric Effect
- The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on it.
- A suitable frequency is required for the effect to occur.
- Demonstrated using a negatively charged electroscope and zinc plate.
- UV light causes the leaves to collapse.
- Einstein proposed photons as discrete energy packets.
- Photons are absorbed by electrons.
- Some energy is used to remove the electron.
- The remainder becomes kinetic energy of the ejected electron.
- This "proved" light has a particle property.
- The energy of a photon is calculated using E = hf (where h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency).
The Photocell
- A photocell uses the photoelectric effect to convert light into an electrical current.
- Light striking the cathode releases electrons.
- Electrons flow through the circuit, detectable by a galvanometer or activating electronic devices.
- Increasing the light intensity increases the number of electrons and, correspondingly the current.
X-Rays
- X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a dense target, usually tungsten.
- Most of the kinetic energy gets converted to heat and must be removed by cooling.
- Inner electrons are excited to higher energy levels, and then return to lower levels.
- Energy is released as X-rays.
- X-rays are electromagnetic waves with high penetration.
- X-rays are used in medicine and industry for various purposes (e.g., detecting broken bones).
- X-ray production is the inverse of the photoelectric effect. Electrons are used to produce electromagnetic radiation.
Hazards of X-Rays
- X-rays can cause atom ionization in the body.
- This can lead to DNA damage and potentially cancer.
- Appropriate safety precautions must always be taken when working with X-rays.
Quantum Theory
- Planck and Einstein proposed that energy can be quantized in discrete packets.
- Einstein's theory predicted the photoelectric effect.
- Quantum physics involves probability and uncertainty in the outcomes of specific experiments.
Electron Diffraction and Waves
- Electrons, like light, can exhibit wave-like behavior (
de Broglies wave length). - Certain arrangements can be diffracted or interfere.
- This wave-particle duality was demonstrated in experiments.
Additional Information
- Protons and neutrons are additional subatomic particles.
- The photoelectric effect contrasts with thermionic emission, which involves electrons from a hot metal.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of electrons and their applications in technologies like cathode ray tubes and X-ray tubes. This quiz covers key topics such as electron charge measurement, emission processes, and the role of various components within these devices. Dive into the physics behind electron behavior and interactions!
