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Questions and Answers
What change in atomic number occurs when a nucleus emits an alpha particle?
What change in atomic number occurs when a nucleus emits an alpha particle?
-2
What change in atomic number occurs when a nucleus emits a beta particle?
What change in atomic number occurs when a nucleus emits a beta particle?
+1
What change in atomic number occurs when a nucleus emits a gamma ray?
What change in atomic number occurs when a nucleus emits a gamma ray?
0
What is the long-range fate of all the uranium that exists in the world?
What is the long-range fate of all the uranium that exists in the world?
When, and by whom, did the first successful intentional transmutation of an element occur?
When, and by whom, did the first successful intentional transmutation of an element occur?
What occurs when a nitrogen nucleus captures an extra neutron?
What occurs when a nitrogen nucleus captures an extra neutron?
Which is more prevalent in the food we eat: carbon-12 or carbon-14?
Which is more prevalent in the food we eat: carbon-12 or carbon-14?
Why is lead found in all deposits of uranium ore?
Why is lead found in all deposits of uranium ore?
X-rays are most similar to which of the following - alpha, beta, or gamma rays?
X-rays are most similar to which of the following - alpha, beta, or gamma rays?
Which type of radiation - alpha, beta, or gamma - predominates within an enclosed elevator descending into a uranium mine?
Which type of radiation - alpha, beta, or gamma - predominates within an enclosed elevator descending into a uranium mine?
Rank these three types of radiation by their ability to penetrate a page of a book, from greatest penetration to least: gamma ray, beta particle, alpha particle.
Rank these three types of radiation by their ability to penetrate a page of a book, from greatest penetration to least: gamma ray, beta particle, alpha particle.
What happens to the image of a candle when the lower half of a concave mirror is covered with black tape?
What happens to the image of a candle when the lower half of a concave mirror is covered with black tape?
One ray of light reflecting off a spherical concave mirror can be treated as __________.
One ray of light reflecting off a spherical concave mirror can be treated as __________.
What type or types of image can be displayed on a screen?
What type or types of image can be displayed on a screen?
What is a true statement about virtual images?
What is a true statement about virtual images?
Where will the image be formed if an object is placed very far from a converging lens?
Where will the image be formed if an object is placed very far from a converging lens?
What position of an object will create a real image with a converging lens?
What position of an object will create a real image with a converging lens?
The blackness of the type on a page is due to _________.
The blackness of the type on a page is due to _________.
Light travels a path from one location to another in the least _________.
Light travels a path from one location to another in the least _________.
Specular reflection is common in the light reflected from _________.
Specular reflection is common in the light reflected from _________.
A mirage is the result of atmospheric _________.
A mirage is the result of atmospheric _________.
What changes when light is refracted?
What changes when light is refracted?
Dispersion of light from drops making up a rainbow has undergone refraction and internal _________.
Dispersion of light from drops making up a rainbow has undergone refraction and internal _________.
A secondary rainbow in the sky is the result of a _________.
A secondary rainbow in the sky is the result of a _________.
Total internal reflection occurs when the speed of light in a material is _________.
Total internal reflection occurs when the speed of light in a material is _________.
A feature of a pinhole camera is that the image _________.
A feature of a pinhole camera is that the image _________.
A magnifying glass widens the angle through which _________.
A magnifying glass widens the angle through which _________.
What discovery closely followed the discovery of X-rays?
What discovery closely followed the discovery of X-rays?
Which of these is considered electromagnetic radiation?
Which of these is considered electromagnetic radiation?
Which of these comprises the least radiation in the everyday environment?
Which of these comprises the least radiation in the everyday environment?
Which of these ejects into the atmosphere the greatest amount of dangerous radiation?
Which of these ejects into the atmosphere the greatest amount of dangerous radiation?
Where does the strong force exist?
Where does the strong force exist?
If a certain isotope has a radioactive half-life of 10 years, how much of the isotope will remain at the end of 20 years?
If a certain isotope has a radioactive half-life of 10 years, how much of the isotope will remain at the end of 20 years?
Which radiation detector converts flashes of light into electric signals?
Which radiation detector converts flashes of light into electric signals?
What happens when an element undergoes radioactive decay?
What happens when an element undergoes radioactive decay?
From what is Carbon-14 in the atmosphere transformed?
From what is Carbon-14 in the atmosphere transformed?
What will all the uranium in today's deposits become in the future?
What will all the uranium in today's deposits become in the future?
How does incident light on an object affect the motion of electrons in that object?
How does incident light on an object affect the motion of electrons in that object?
What do the electrons do when they are made to vibrate with greater energy?
What do the electrons do when they are made to vibrate with greater energy?
What is Fermat's principle of least time?
What is Fermat's principle of least time?
What is the law of reflection?
What is the law of reflection?
Relative to the distance of an object in front of a plane mirror, how far behind the mirror is the image?
Relative to the distance of an object in front of a plane mirror, how far behind the mirror is the image?
What fraction of the light shining straight at a piece of clear glass is reflected from the first surface?
What fraction of the light shining straight at a piece of clear glass is reflected from the first surface?
Can a surface be considered polished for some waves and not for others? Cite an example.
Can a surface be considered polished for some waves and not for others? Cite an example.
What is astigmatism and how can it be corrected?
What is astigmatism and how can it be corrected?
How do the angles compare for a ray of light striking a pane of window glass versus exiting?
How do the angles compare for a ray of light striking a pane of window glass versus exiting?
When is the angle at which a ray of light strikes glass not the same as the angle it exits?
When is the angle at which a ray of light strikes glass not the same as the angle it exits?
In which medium does light travel faster - thin air or dense air? How does this affect the length of daylight hours?
In which medium does light travel faster - thin air or dense air? How does this affect the length of daylight hours?
Does the law of reflection hold for curved mirrors? Explain.
Does the law of reflection hold for curved mirrors? Explain.
Is a mirage the result of reflection or refraction? Why does it happen?
Is a mirage the result of reflection or refraction? Why does it happen?
What slows light when it passes from air into glass or water?
What slows light when it passes from air into glass or water?
What is the angle between a light ray and its wavefront?
What is the angle between a light ray and its wavefront?
What is the relationship between index of refraction and the speed of light in a material?
What is the relationship between index of refraction and the speed of light in a material?
Are eyeglasses made with high index of refraction materials thinner or thicker? Why?
Are eyeglasses made with high index of refraction materials thinner or thicker? Why?
How does refraction change the apparent depth of a swimming pool?
How does refraction change the apparent depth of a swimming pool?
Which travels more slowly in glass, red light or violet light? Why?
Which travels more slowly in glass, red light or violet light? Why?
Does a single raindrop illuminated by sunlight deflect light of a single color or does it disperse a spectrum of colors? Does it do this by reflection, refraction, or both?
Does a single raindrop illuminated by sunlight deflect light of a single color or does it disperse a spectrum of colors? Does it do this by reflection, refraction, or both?
Does a viewer see a single color or a spectrum of colors coming from a single faraway drop?
Does a viewer see a single color or a spectrum of colors coming from a single faraway drop?
Why is a secondary rainbow dimmer than a primary bow and how are the colors arranged?
Why is a secondary rainbow dimmer than a primary bow and how are the colors arranged?
What is meant by critical angle?
What is meant by critical angle?
At what angle inside glass is light totally internally reflected?
At what angle inside glass is light totally internally reflected?
What angle inside a diamond is light totally internally reflected?
What angle inside a diamond is light totally internally reflected?
Why does light 'bend' in an optical fiber?
Why does light 'bend' in an optical fiber?
Distinguish between a converging lens and a diverging lens.
Distinguish between a converging lens and a diverging lens.
What is the focal length of a lens and what is the focal point?
What is the focal length of a lens and what is the focal point?
Distinguish between a virtual image and a real image.
Distinguish between a virtual image and a real image.
What kind of lens can be used to produce a real image? A virtual image?
What kind of lens can be used to produce a real image? A virtual image?
Why is vision sharpest when the pupils of the eye are very small?
Why is vision sharpest when the pupils of the eye are very small?
When a flashlight submerged in water shines up into the air, does the speed of light increase or decrease?
When a flashlight submerged in water shines up into the air, does the speed of light increase or decrease?
How many mirrors are involved in the multiple images of physics teacher Karen Jo Matsler?
How many mirrors are involved in the multiple images of physics teacher Karen Jo Matsler?
Which numbered card can Karen Jo Matsler see reflected in the mirror?
Which numbered card can Karen Jo Matsler see reflected in the mirror?
If a nearsighted person wants thinner eyeglasses, is a higher or lower index of refraction recommended?
If a nearsighted person wants thinner eyeglasses, is a higher or lower index of refraction recommended?
Do waves overlap in the image of a pinhole camera?
Do waves overlap in the image of a pinhole camera?
When wheels from a toy cart are rolled from concrete to grass, which surface causes the most bending?
When wheels from a toy cart are rolled from concrete to grass, which surface causes the most bending?
How does the light ray bend toward the normal in different materials (A, B, C)?
How does the light ray bend toward the normal in different materials (A, B, C)?
A butterfly is 16 cm in front of a plane mirror. How far is your eye from its image?
A butterfly is 16 cm in front of a plane mirror. How far is your eye from its image?
What percentage of light is transmitted through a pane of window glass?
What percentage of light is transmitted through a pane of window glass?
What light percentage is transmitted by a double-paned window?
What light percentage is transmitted by a double-paned window?
If the Sun makes an angle of 0.53° from Earth, how long does it take to move one solar diameter?
If the Sun makes an angle of 0.53° from Earth, how long does it take to move one solar diameter?
What did Wilhelm Roentgen discover about a cathode-ray beam striking a glass surface?
What did Wilhelm Roentgen discover about a cathode-ray beam striking a glass surface?
What kind of rays are X-rays?
What kind of rays are X-rays?
What did Henri Becquerel discover about uranium?
What did Henri Becquerel discover about uranium?
What two elements did Pierre and Marie Curie discover?
What two elements did Pierre and Marie Curie discover?
Why aren't gamma rays deflected in a magnetic field?
Why aren't gamma rays deflected in a magnetic field?
Which has the higher frequency: X-rays or gamma rays?
Which has the higher frequency: X-rays or gamma rays?
Distinguish between a rad and a rem.
Distinguish between a rad and a rem.
Do humans receive more radiation from artificial or natural sources?
Do humans receive more radiation from artificial or natural sources?
Is the human body radioactive? Explain.
Is the human body radioactive? Explain.
What is a radioactive tracer?
What is a radioactive tracer?
Name the two different nucleons.
Name the two different nucleons.
Why doesn't the repulsive electrical force of protons in the atomic nucleus cause them to fly apart?
Why doesn't the repulsive electrical force of protons in the atomic nucleus cause them to fly apart?
Why is a larger nucleus generally less stable than a smaller nucleus?
Why is a larger nucleus generally less stable than a smaller nucleus?
What is the role of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?
What is the role of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?
Which contains the higher percentage of neutrons: large nuclei or small nuclei?
Which contains the higher percentage of neutrons: large nuclei or small nuclei?
How does the rate of decay of a long-half-life material compare to that of a short-half-life material?
How does the rate of decay of a long-half-life material compare to that of a short-half-life material?
What is the half-life of Ra-226?
What is the half-life of Ra-226?
What kind of trail is left when an energetic particle shoots through matter?
What kind of trail is left when an energetic particle shoots through matter?
Which type of detector senses radiation by ionization of gas in a tube?
Which type of detector senses radiation by ionization of gas in a tube?
Which type of detector senses flashes of light produced by charged particles or gamma rays?
Which type of detector senses flashes of light produced by charged particles or gamma rays?
What is transmutation? Give one example.
What is transmutation? Give one example.
When thorium decays by emitting an alpha particle, what is the atomic number of the resulting nucleus?
When thorium decays by emitting an alpha particle, what is the atomic number of the resulting nucleus?
When thorium decays by emitting a beta particle, what is the atomic number of the resulting nucleus?
When thorium decays by emitting a beta particle, what is the atomic number of the resulting nucleus?
What is the change in the atomic mass number for each of the reactions?
What is the change in the atomic mass number for each of the reactions?
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Study Notes
Image Formation and Reflection
- Covering the lower half of a concave mirror causes the image to remain visible but appear dimmer.
- An incident ray from a candle flame reflects off a concave mirror, passing through the focal point.
- Real images can be displayed on screens like paper; they are formed by converging light rays.
Image Types
- Virtual images are always formed at positions where light rays appear to originate and cannot be displayed on a screen.
- Real images are inverted compared to the original object and can be formed by converging lenses or mirrors.
Light Behavior
- The blackness on a page is due to absorption, where light is taken in rather than reflected or transmitted.
- Light travels in the least time possible, which governs its path.
Reflection and Refraction
- Specular reflection occurs with mirrors, causing clear reflections.
- A mirage is caused by atmospheric refraction, where light bending creates an illusion of water on hot surfaces.
- Refraction changes the speed of light, causing light to bend at different angles when passing through materials like water or glass.
Lenses and Optical Instruments
- A pinhole camera produces inverted images with sharp definition due to no overlapping waves.
- A magnifying glass widens the angle of view, making images appear larger.
- Converging lenses can create real images when the object is far away, while diverging lenses create virtual images.
Radiation and Radioactivity
- X-rays and gamma rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation, with gamma rays possessing higher frequency.
- Radioactivity is typically associated with certain isotopes; elements that undergo decay transform into entirely different substances.
- Natural sources provide the majority of radiation exposure to humans, with potassium acting as a primary internal source.
- Detection of radiation can occur through devices like Geiger counters and scintillation counters, which measure different interactions.
Atomic Structure
- The strong nuclear force keeps protons within an atomic nucleus from repelling each other due to electrical force.
- Larger atomic nuclei tend to be less stable due to the balance of electric repulsion and strong force.
- Neutrons help stabilize atomic nuclei by providing strong nuclear force without contributing to repulsion.
Transmutation and Isotopes
- Transmutation is the conversion of one element into another, exemplified by uranium decaying into lead.
- Carbon-14 is present in very small quantities compared to carbon-12, influencing dating methods.
General Principles
- When light passes at different angles between materials, it bends; this bending is governed by the index of refraction, which relates to the material’s density.
- Observations involving multiple mirrors or reflections reveal properties of light, such as symmetry and properties of real versus virtual images.
- The angle of incidence and angle of reflection are equal at reflective surfaces, reinforcing fundamental laws of optics.
Practical Applications and Phenomena
- The understanding of angle relationships and behaviors of light rays is crucial in designing lenses for glasses, cameras, and various optical devices.
- Real-world applications include addressing vision issues such as astigmatism with specially designed corrective lenses.
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