Concave Mirrors in Optics

A ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror, after reflection, will pass through the principal focus.

A ray of light passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror, after reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.

A ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, after reflection, is reflected back along the same path.

When an object is placed between the pole (P) and focus (F) of a concave mirror, the image formed is behind the mirror, virtual, erect, and magnified.

When an object is placed at the focus of a concave mirror, the image formed is at infinity, real, inverted, and highly magnified.

When an object is placed between the focus (F) and the centre of curvature (C) of a concave mirror, the image formed is beyond the centre of curvature, real, inverted, and magnified.

When an object is placed at the centre of curvature (C) of a concave mirror, the image formed is at the centre of curvature, real, inverted, and the same size as the object.

When an object is placed beyond the centre of curvature (C) of a concave mirror, the image formed is between the focus and centre of curvature, real, inverted, and smaller than the object (diminished).

When an object is placed at infinity of a concave mirror, the image formed is between the focus and centre of curvature, real, inverted, and highly diminished.

Convex mirrors always produce virtual, upright, and diminished images of objects placed between the pole (P) and infinity. The image is formed between the pole (P) and the focus (F).

Concave mirrors are used in torches, headlights, and searchlights to create powerful beams of light. They focus the light into a parallel beam.

Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors to see a magnified image of the face.

Dentists use concave mirrors to see enlarged images of teeth. This helps with diagnosis and treatment.

The focal length of a convex mirror is half of its radius of curvature.

The focal length of a concave mirror is half of its radius of curvature.

Magnification is the ratio of the image height to the object height. For a mirror, it is also equal to the negative ratio of image distance to object distance.

A concave mirror can produce both real and virtual images, depending on the object's position. Real images are formed when light rays actually converge, while virtual images are formed at a point where light rays appear to converge.

A convex mirror always forms virtual, upright, and diminished images.

The magnification of a concave mirror can be greater than 1, less than 1, or equal to 1, depending on the object's position. A magnification greater than 1 means the image is larger than the object, while a magnification less than 1 means the image is smaller than the object.

A diverging mirror is another name for a convex mirror. It always forms virtual, upright, and diminished images, regardless of the object's position.

A converging mirror is another name for a concave mirror. It can form both real and virtual images, depending on the object's position.

The image formed is virtual, erect, and smaller than the object. It is located between the optical centre and the focus of the lens.

A ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a lens, after refraction, passes through the focus on the other side of the lens.

A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens continues in a straight line.

A ray of light passing through the focus of a lens, after refraction, emerges parallel to the principal axis.

All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens.

Distances measured in the same direction as the incident light are positive.

The focal length of a convex lens is positive, and the focal length of a concave lens is negative.

The ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object. It is positive for a virtual image and negative for a real image.

The image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual, erect, and smaller than the object. Convex mirrors are diverging mirrors, meaning they spread out light rays.

Magnification (M) is the ratio of the height of the image (h') to the height of the object (h). M = h'/h. In convex mirrors, magnification is always less than 1, indicating a smaller image.

For a concave mirror, if the object is placed beyond the center of curvature (C), the image formed is real, inverted, and smaller than the object. This is because the light rays converge at a point in front of the mirror.

The mirror formula relates the object distance (u), image distance (v), and focal length (f) of a spherical mirror: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v. It applies to both concave and convex mirrors.

The image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual. This means the image cannot be projected onto a screen.

The magnification of a lens or mirror is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object. It tells us how much bigger or smaller the image is compared to the object.

A negative magnification value indicates that the image is inverted (upside down) compared to the object.

A positive magnification value indicates that the image is upright or erect, meaning it is the same way up as the object.

A real image is formed when light rays actually converge at a point. These images can be projected onto a screen.

A virtual image is formed when light rays appear to converge at a point but do not actually intersect. Virtual images cannot be projected onto a screen.

The lens formula relates the object distance (u), the image distance (v), and the focal length (f) of a lens. It is mathematically expressed as 1/f = 1/v - 1/u.

The magnification produced by a plane mirror is always +1. This means the image is always the same size as the object and is virtual and erect.