Physics Basics Quiz

Pendulum

• A pendulum's swing is caused by gravity.
• Time Period (T) = Total time / Number of swings.
• Longer pendulums have a slower swing time.

Volume, Density, Mass, and Weight

• Volume is the space an object occupies (e.g., m³ or cm³).
• Density = Mass / Volume.
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object (kg).
• Weight = Mass × Gravity (9.8 m/s²).

Vectors and Scalars

• Vectors have both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, force).
• Scalars only have magnitude (e.g., speed, mass).

Motion and Acceleration

• Speed = Distance / Time.
• Velocity is speed with a specific direction.
• Acceleration = (Final Velocity – Initial Velocity) / Time.

Forces and Newton's Laws

• 1st Law: Objects stay at rest or move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force.
• 2nd Law: Force = Mass × Acceleration (F = ma).
• 3rd Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Center of Mass and Stability

• Center of Mass: The point where the weight of an object is balanced.
• Stability is increased with a wider base and a lower center of mass.

States of Equilibrium

• Stable: Returns to its original position after a disturbance.
• Unstable: Moves further away from its original position after a disturbance.
• Neutral: Stays in its new position after a disturbance.

Hooke's Law

• Force on a spring is directly proportional to its extension.
• F = kx (k = spring constant, x = extension).

Turning Effect of Forces

• Moment = Force × Perpendicular distance from pivot.
• For equilibrium, total clockwise moments = total anticlockwise moments.

Momentum and Conservation of Momentum

• Momentum = Mass × Velocity.
• Total momentum before a collision equals total momentum after the collision.

Work, Energy, and Power

• Work = Force × Distance (in the direction of force).
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Power = Work / Time.

Energy

• Kinetic Energy (KE) = ½ × Mass × Velocity².
• Potential Energy (PE) = Mass × Gravity × Height.

Pressure

• Pressure = Force / Area.

Pressure in Liquids

• Pressure increases with depth.
• Pressure = h × p × g (h = depth, p = density, g = acceleration due to gravity).

Pressure in Gases

• Boyle's Law: Pressure × Volume = constant (if temperature is constant).

Pressure in Solids

• Larger area = lower pressure.

Thermal Physics

• Heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation.
• Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of particles.

Evaporation

• Liquid to gas phase transition (occurs at the surface).
• Evaporation is faster with higher heat, wind, larger surface areas, and lower humidity.