Physics End of Term PDF

Physics end of term Pendulum A pendulum swings due to gravity. Time for one swing: Time Period (T) = Total time ÷ Number of swings. Length of the pendulum affects time period (longer = slower swing). Volume, Density, Mass...

Physics end of term Pendulum A pendulum swings due to gravity. Time for one swing: Time Period (T) = Total time ÷ Number of swings. Length of the pendulum affects time period (longer = slower swing). Volume, Density, Mass, and Weight Volume: Space an object takes up (e.g., m³ or cm³). Density: Mass per unit volume. Formula: Density (ρ) = Mass ÷ Volume. Mass: Amount of matter in an object (kg). Weight: Force of gravity on mass. Formula: Weight (W) = Mass × Gravity (9.8 m/s²). Vectors and Scalars Vectors: Have size and direction (e.g., velocity, force). Scalars: Only size (e.g., speed, mass). Motion and Acceleration Speed: Distance ÷ Time. Velocity: Speed with direction. Acceleration: Change in velocity per second. Formula: a = (v - u) ÷ t (v = final, u = initial, t = time). Forces and Newton’s Laws 1. 1st Law: Objects stay at rest/move unless acted upon. Physics end of term 1  2. 2nd Law: Force = Mass × Acceleration (F = ma). 3. 3rd Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Center of Mass and Stability Center of Mass: Point where weight is balanced. Stability: Wider base + lower center of mass = more stable. States of Equilibria Stable: Returns to original position. Unstable: Moves away from position. Neutral: Stays in new position. Hooke’s Law Stretching a spring: Force ∝ Extension. Formula: F = kx (k = spring constant, x = extension). Turning Effect of Forces Moment: Force × Perpendicular distance from pivot. Balanced if total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment. Momentum and Conservation of Momentum Momentum: Mass × Velocity. Conservation: Total momentum before = Total momentum after (in collisions). Work, Energy, and Power Physics end of term 2  Work: Force × Distance (in direction of force). Energy: Stored ability to do work. Power: Work ÷ Time. Energy Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion. Formula: KE = ½mv². Potential Energy: Energy stored in position. Formula: PE = mgh. Pressure Formula: Pressure (P) = Force ÷ Area. Pressure in Liquids Increases with depth. Formula: P = hρg (h = depth, ρ = density, g = gravity). Pressure in Gases Boyle’s Law: Pressure × Volume = constant (if temp constant). Pressure in Solids Larger area = lower pressure. Thermal Physics Heat transfer: Conduction, convection, radiation. Temperature: Average kinetic energy of particles. Evaporation Liquid → Gas (happens at surface). Faster with heat, wind, large surface area, low humidity. Physics end of term 3