Physics and Women in Science Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What phenomenon is described by the behavior of bosons at temperatures near absolute zero?

Superconductivity (correct)

Quantum entanglement

Black hole formation

Nuclear fusion

What concept did Einstein develop to include the effects of gravity in his theory?

Newtonian mechanics

Quantum field theory

General relativity (correct)

Inertial frames of reference

Which principle relates to the observation that clocks moving relative to each other tick at different rates?

Time dilation (correct)

Lorentz contraction

Conservation of energy

Mass-energy equivalence

What was Albert Einstein's primary conclusion about the relationship between space and time?

They are intrinsically linked in a continuum. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of light's speed, what does Einstein assert regarding an observer's movement relative to the light's source?

The speed of light is constant regardless of the observer's speed. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Nettie Stevens's research?

The link between chromosomes and sex determination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the scientific community's view on sex determination before Stevens's findings?

Most believed that external environmental factors influenced sex. Signup and view all the answers

What notable educational achievement did Nettie Stevens accomplish first?

Completing her master's degree in biology Signup and view all the answers

Despite her significant contributions, how was Nettie Stevens's work received during her lifetime?

Her research overshadowed by that of male counterparts. Signup and view all the answers

What specific chromosomes were identified by Nettie Stevens as responsible for determining sex?

X and Y chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Nettie Stevens publish her findings on sex determination?

1905 Signup and view all the answers

Who supervised Nettie Stevens during her PhD studies?

Thomas Hunt Morgan Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to discover natural radioactivity?

Antoine Henri Becquerel Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Marie Curie isolate pure radium?

1910 Signup and view all the answers

What was Henri Becquerel investigating when he discovered radioactivity?

The connection between phosphorescence and X-rays Signup and view all the answers

Which Nobel Prize did Marie Curie win for her work on radium?

Nobel Prize in Chemistry Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of radioactivity named after?

Henri Becquerel Signup and view all the answers

What did Curie fail to recognize about radioactive substances?

The dangers associated with handling them Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon was Becquerel primarily interested in before discovering radioactivity?

Phosphorescence Signup and view all the answers

What did Curie do with radioactive samples in terms of storage?

Kept them in her desk Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Becquerel's experiment with uranium salt?

It established the concept of radioactivity Signup and view all the answers

What did Rutherford discover about alpha radiation in 1899?

It consists of positively charged particles. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Rutherford's research at McGill University?

He discovered the nature of radioactivity. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in atomic theory did Rutherford contribute to in 1911?

The proposal of the planetary model of the atom. Signup and view all the answers

What recognition did Rutherford receive for his research in 1908?

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Signup and view all the answers

How did Rutherford's experiments change the understanding of atomic structure?

They revealed that atoms have a nucleus and contain subatomic particles. Signup and view all the answers

What unique process did Rutherford achieve by colliding alpha particles with nitrogen in 1919?

The transformation of nitrogen into oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary innovation proposed by Rutherford regarding radioactivity?

It involves changes in nuclear composition. Signup and view all the answers

Which physicist recommended Rutherford for a professorship at McGill University?

J.J. Thomson. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Rutherford's research was he surprised to be recognized for?

His achievements in radioactivity as a chemist. Signup and view all the answers

How did Rutherford's findings on the behavior of alpha particles contribute to atomic theory?

They demonstrated that most atomic particles passed through matter. Signup and view all the answers

What was Moniz's primary motivation for developing vascular imaging?

To enhance the identification of brain tumor positions Signup and view all the answers

Which substance did Moniz find to provide the safest and clearest results in his vascular imaging experiments?

Twenty-five percent sodium iodine Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason Moniz's lobotomy technique faced criticism?

Only a small percentage of patients showed improvement Signup and view all the answers

What did Moniz invent to aid in the lobotomy procedure?

A leucotome for cutting tissue Signup and view all the answers

In what year was Moniz's first paper on angiography published?

1927 Signup and view all the answers

What significant change in diagnostic imaging occurred in 1975?

The advent of CT imaging Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientists Who Changed History

The book is a compilation of biographies of scientists who made significant contributions to their respective fields.
The time frame covered is from 1895 to 1925.

Milestones

The book details the lives and achievements of various scientists during a particular period in history.
Key scientists are listed throughout the book.
Their discoveries, inventions, research, and accomplishments are included in the biographies.
The book details milestones in scientific discoveries and inventions.
Key dates are included to showcase their major contributions to their field.
The book shows that these scientists' work has significantly impacted multiple fields of science.

Paradigm Shifts (1895-1925)

This section outlines major paradigm shifts in science during this era.
Five paradigm shifts are introduced.
The time frame of the shifts are from 1895 to 1925.

Milestones (Specific Scientists)

Santiago Ramón y Cajal:
- A Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist.
- Used microscopes to understand the nervous system.
- Realized the nervous system consists of independent cells that communicate.
- Improved tissue-staining techniques.
- Published works on the structure of the nervous system.
- Won the Nobel Prize in 1906 with Camillo Golgi.
Max Planck:
- Developed quantum theory.
- Showed energy is released in discrete packets, not continuously.
- Fundamental shift in subatomic physics.
- Calculated the relationship between the energy (E) emitted by an object and its frequency.
- Won Nobel Prize in 1918
Nettie Stevens:
- Discovered that sex is determined by chromosomes (X and Y).
- Pioneered research in genetics.
- Published her findings on sex determination in 1905.
George Washington Carver:
- Agricultural scientist.
- Developed innovative scientific soil improvement and crop cultivation methods.
- Created over 300 commercially viable products from crops like peanuts and sweet potatoes, boosting the Southern US economy.
- Instrumental in promoting sustainable agriculture.
Thomas Hunt Morgan:
- Geneticist and zoologist, pioneering work on heredity.
- Confirmed the role of chromosomes in inheritance, building on Mendel's work.
- Pioneered the use of fruit flies in genetic research.
Marie Curie:
- Groundbreaking research in radioactivity.
- Discovered the elements polonium and radium.
- Invented methods to isolate radium for use in cancer treatment.
- Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry (one of the very few to have won it in two different scientific fields).
Ernest Rutherford:
- Transformed our understanding of atoms.
- Determined the structure of atoms. Explained how atoms disintegrate into smaller constituents.
- Disovered alpha and beta radioactivity.
Antonio Egas Moniz:
- Performed pioneering research in brain imaging.
- Developed the controversial surgical procedure known as a lobotomy.
Lise Meitner:
- Coined the term "nuclear fission." and explained the splitting of atoms.
- Aided the discovery of nuclear fission by colleagues.
Albert Einstein:
- Developed the theories of special and general relativity. Revolutionized physics.
Alfred Wegener:
- Proposed the theory of continental drift.
- Compiled evidence from various fields for his theory from fossils and glacial deposits.
Sydney Brenner:
- Pioneered research in developmental biology and genetics.
- Advanced molecular biology understanding.
Francis Crick & James Watson:
- Discovered the double helix structure of DNA.
- Breakthrough in molecular biology and genetics.
Rosalind Franklin:
- Provided key X-ray diffraction images that were crucial for Crick and Watson's DNA model.
- Propose the "backbone" of DNA.
Maurice Wilkins:
- Also worked on X-ray crystallography aspects of DNA structure, though Rosalind Franklin's work was crucial.
Frederick Sanger:
- Pioneered DNA sequencing techniques, greatly advancing understanding of genes and genetic information. - Sequenced 48,502 base pairs by 1982
Henry Stommel:
- US oceanographer.
- Explored ocean currents (Gulf Stream).
Yang Chen-ning:
- Revolutionized particle physics with research on subatomic decay.
Benoit Mandelbrot:
- Founded "fractal geometry”.
Ernest McCulloch & James Till:
- Discovered stem cells.
Tu Youyou:
- Chinese pharmacologist.
- Isolated artemisinin, a crucial antimalaria treatment.
Patricia Bath:
- Pioneer in ophthalmology.
- An inventor and laser scientist.
Stephen Hawking:
- Theoretical physicist.
- Expired the nature of black holes and the Universe. Propose the theory of "Everything."
Jocelyn Bell Burnell:
- Discovered pulsars.
- Helped develop radio telescopes.

General

The figures highlighted had significant roles in scientific breakthroughs and advancements.
They showcase the importance of collaborative work and the integration of multiple disciplines
The scientists' work brought about revolutionary changes in their fields and inspired other research.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in physics, including the behavior of bosons and Einstein's theories. Explore the contributions of Nettie Stevens and her groundbreaking research on sex determination. This quiz covers significant scientific principles and historical figures in the field of science.