Physics and Operating Systems Quiz

The principle states that light travels along the path that takes the least amount of time. It explains how light reflects and refracts.

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. It's described by Snell's Law.

A device that emits a concentrated beam of coherent light. It works by stimulating atoms to emit photons.

The phenomenon where light waves interfere with each other, creating patterns of constructive and destructive interference. It's observed in thin films.

A special diode that can maintain a constant voltage across its terminals, even when the input voltage changes. It's used for voltage regulation.

A semiconducting device that can be controlled by a small current at the gate to switch a larger current. It's used in various applications like switching and power control.

A fundamental unit in electronics that performs a specific logical operation, like OR (output is true if at least one input is true) or AND (output is true if all inputs are true).

A device that emits electrons when light falls on it. It converts light energy into electrical energy.

The superposition of two plane polarized waves with vibrations perpendicular to each other can result in elliptically polarized light. The shape and direction of the ellipse depend on the phase difference and amplitude ratio of the waves.

A special case of elliptically polarized light where the ellipse becomes a circle. This occurs when the amplitudes of the two perpendicular waves are equal and their phase difference is 90 degrees.

An optical device that introduces a phase difference of 90 degrees (a quarter of a wavelength) between two perpendicular components of polarized light. It can convert linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light and vice versa.

An optical device that introduces a phase difference of 180 degrees (half a wavelength) between two perpendicular components of polarized light. It can rotate the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light by twice the angle of the plate's fast axis.

The process of determining the type of polarization of light, whether it is plane, elliptical, or circular. This can be achieved using different techniques, including polarizers, quarter wave plates, and analyzers.

The study of the composition of light, including its polarization and intensity, using different methods and tools. It involves analyzing the effects of polarized light on materials and understanding the interactions between light and matter.

A circuit containing a resistor (R) and an inductor (L) connected in series. The inductor opposes changes in current, leading to a gradual increase in current when the circuit is switched on (growth) and a gradual decrease when it is switched off (decay).

A circuit containing a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) connected in series. When a DC source is applied, the capacitor charges and discharges, causing the current to change over time. The charging and discharging rates depend on the values of R and C.

Nanomaterials are materials with at least one dimension in the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers). This size range exhibits unique properties due to quantum effects.

Quantum size effects occur when the size of a material approaches the nanoscale. Electrons become confined, leading to changes in properties like color, conductivity, and magnetism.

Spectroscopy uses electromagnetic radiation to study the interaction with matter. This reveals the structure, composition, and energy levels of substances.

X-ray spectrometry analyzes the interaction of X-rays with materials. It identifies elements, provides structural information, and is used in various fields like forensics and material science.

Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance after absorbing energy from another source, often UV light. This phenomenon plays a role in forensic investigations, medical imaging, and other applications.

An operating system (OS) manages computer hardware resources and provides a platform for applications to run. It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer.

Input/Output (I/O) management handles the communication between the computer and its peripherals. It ensures data flows smoothly between devices and the system's memory.

Security in computer systems involves protecting data and resources from unauthorized access, modification, or destruction. It employs mechanisms like user authentication, access control, and encryption.