Bio Chemistry

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a gas?

Has indefinite shape and volume (correct)

Has definite shape and volume

Has indefinite shape and definite volume

Has definite shape and indefinite volume

A liquid takes the shape of its container but maintains a definite volume.

True

What are the three physical states of matter?

solid, liquid, gas

The state of matter depends on temperature, surrounding pressure, and the strength of the forces holding its structural particles ___ together.

together Signup and view all the answers

Match the states of matter with their characteristics:

Solid = Definite shape and volume Liquid = Indefinite shape, definite volume Gas = Indefinite shape and volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physical state of matter?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

The volume of a gas is always defined and constant.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of properties can be used to distinguish substances?

Physical and chemical properties Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about properties of matter is false?

A physical property is only observable by changing the identity of the substance. Signup and view all the answers

Rusting of iron is a physical property.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a physical change?

Boiling water Signup and view all the answers

Nickel metal dissolves in acid to produce a light green solution, demonstrating a __________ property.

chemical Signup and view all the answers

Match the substance with its property type:

Iron rusting = Chemical property Mercury at room temperature = Physical property Dissolving nickel in acid = Chemical property Boiling water = Physical change Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of a chemical property?

A material melting Signup and view all the answers

Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance's identity.

True Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a physical change from a chemical change?

A physical change alters the appearance, while a chemical change alters the chemical composition. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture?

Gasoline Signup and view all the answers

A heterogeneous mixture has uniform properties throughout.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a homogeneous mixture?

It has only one visibly distinct phase. Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen, glucose, and silver are examples of __________ substances.

pure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contains only pure substances?

Oxygen, glucose, silver Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of mixture with its description:

Heterogeneous mixture = Contains visibly different phases Homogeneous mixture = One visibly distinct phase Signup and view all the answers

A jar of jelly beans is an example of a homogeneous mixture.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a heterogeneous mixture.

Soil Signup and view all the answers

What do chemical symbols consist of?

One- or two-letters derived from the element’s name, both letters always capitalized. Signup and view all the answers

A molecule can consist of two types of atoms.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest particle of an element that still retains its properties?

atom Signup and view all the answers

A molecule that contains three atoms is called a ______ molecule.

triatomic Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of molecule with its description:

Diatomic = Contains two atoms Triatomic = Contains three atoms Homoatomic = All atoms present are of the same kind Heteroatomic = Contains different types of atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the limit of chemical subdivision?

An atom Signup and view all the answers

A homoatomic molecule can consist of different kinds of atoms.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a binary ionic compound?

An ionic compound composed of a metal and a nonmetal. Signup and view all the answers

How many atoms are arranged in a line to extend approximately 1 inch?

254 million Signup and view all the answers

Most polyatomic ions have a positive charge.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name the compound represented by the formula Fe2O3.

iron(III) oxide Signup and view all the answers

Common polyatomic ion example: NaOH is called __________.

sodium hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compounds with their formulas:

Sodium hydroxide = NaOH Magnesium nitrate = Mg(NO3)2 Ammonium sulfate = (NH4)2SO4 Potassium sulfide = K2S Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contains a polyatomic ion?

Mg(NO3)2 Signup and view all the answers

The name of the ion CN− ends with '-ate.'

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the compound CoCl2?

cobalt(II) chloride Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is XeF4 classified as?

Heteroatomic Signup and view all the answers

All molecules are compounds.

False Signup and view all the answers

Classify the molecule H2O as homoatomic or heteroatomic.

heteroatomic Signup and view all the answers

A molecule containing only one kind of atom is called a __________ molecule.

homoatomic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Atom = Smallest unit of an element Molecule = Group of two or more atoms Compound = Substance with different types of atoms Element = Substance made of one type of atom Signup and view all the answers

Which classification does the molecule CO2 belong to?

Compound Signup and view all the answers

A molecule can consist of just one atom.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest particle of an element called?

atom Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the components of a chemical formula?

Symbols of elements with numerical subscripts to indicate quantities Signup and view all the answers

Chemical formulas can contain elements represented by lowercase letters only.

False Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen atoms are present in the compound H2SO4?

2 Signup and view all the answers

The formula for sulfuric acid is H2SO4, which contains __________ sulfur atom(s).

1 Signup and view all the answers

What type of particle is formed when an atom loses one or more electrons?

Cation Signup and view all the answers

How many oxygen atoms are present in the compound Fe2(CO3)3?

9 Signup and view all the answers

Identify the number of iron (Fe) atoms in the compound Fe2(CO3)3.

2 Signup and view all the answers

A sulfur ion gains two electrons and is represented as S2+.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following chemical formulas with their respective atoms:

H2O = 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen Ca3(PO4)2 = 3 Calcium, 2 Phosphorus, 8 Oxygen H2SO4 = 2 Hydrogen, 1 Sulfur, 4 Oxygen Fe2(CO3)3 = 2 Iron, 3 Carbon, 9 Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of a potassium ion after losing one electron?

1+ Signup and view all the answers

The formula Ca3(PO4)2 represents __________ calcium atoms.

3 Signup and view all the answers

Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons to obtain a noble-gas electron configuration, for example, Na+ represents the __________ of sodium.

loss of one electron Signup and view all the answers

Match the group of metal atoms with their typical charge after losing electrons:

Group IA = 1+ Group IIA = 2+ Group IIIA = 3+ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is formed when sulfur gains two electrons?

S2− Signup and view all the answers

Atoms form ions exclusively by losing electrons.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of an anion?

Negative Signup and view all the answers

Which group of nonmetals typically gains electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration?

Group VIIA Signup and view all the answers

Elements in Group IVA can only gain electrons to achieve a noble gas structure.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for atoms or ions that have the same number and configuration of electrons?

Isoelectronic species Signup and view all the answers

The electronic configuration for the isoelectronic species including N3-, O2-, and F- is _____.

1s22s22p6 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following species with their corresponding charge:

N3- = 3- O2- = 2- F- = 1- Na+ = 1+ Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons do elements in Group VIIA gain to achieve a noble gas configuration?

1 Signup and view all the answers

Name one element in Group VIA and its ionic charge when it gains electrons.

Oxygen, -2 Signup and view all the answers

Mg2+ and Na+ are examples of isoelectronic species.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct suffix used for naming substituents in branched hydrocarbons?

-yl Signup and view all the answers

When naming a branched hydrocarbon, the longest carbon chain is called the parent chain.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a σ-bond and how is it formed?

A sigma bond is formed by the overlapping of orbitals, typically s-s, s-p, or p-p orbitals. Signup and view all the answers

To minimize the numbering of substituents when naming a branched hydrocarbon, assign numbers to the parent chain to achieve the least ___.

sum Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its description:

Substituents = Groups attached to the parent chain Parent Chain = The longest continuous carbon chain Functional Group = A specific group of atoms that imparts characteristic properties Hybridization = The mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula for the compound formed by Ba2+ and Cl–?

BaCl2 Signup and view all the answers

Ionic compounds consist of only positive ions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the compound formed between Fe3+ and O2–?

Fe2O3 Signup and view all the answers

The chemical formula for the compound formed by Pb4+ and O2– is __________.

PbO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents the combination of Al3+ and Cl– correctly?

AlCl3 Signup and view all the answers

In solid ionic compounds, each ion is surrounded by ions of the same charge.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ions with their corresponding compound formulas:

Ba2+ = BaCl2 Fe3+ = Fe2O3 Pb4+ = PbO2 Al3+ = AlCl3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the oxide ion?

O2– Signup and view all the answers

What likely occurs when the elements sodium and chlorine react?

They transfer electrons to produce sodium chloride. Signup and view all the answers

Sodium chloride is an example of a molecular compound.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for sodium phosphate?

Na3PO4 Signup and view all the answers

Magnesium phosphate is represented by the formula __________.

Mg3(PO4)2 Signup and view all the answers

Match the compounds to their correct chemical formulas:

Sodium carbonate = Na2CO3 Magnesium carbonate = MgCO3 Sodium bicarbonate = NaHCO3 Magnesium phosphate = Mg3(PO4)2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is known as baking soda?

Sodium bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

Na3PO4 indicates the presence of three sodium ions in a sodium phosphate compound.

True Signup and view all the answers

The compound produced by the reaction of sodium and chlorine tastes very __________.

salty Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a physical change?

Water boils to form steam Signup and view all the answers

A chemical property describes how a substance can change to form a new substance.

True Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a physical property of mercury.

Mercury is a liquid at room temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Iron metal rusting is an example of a __________ property.

chemical Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances to their respective property types:

Iron rusting = Chemical property Mercury as liquid = Physical property Nickel in acid = Chemical property Water freezing = Physical property Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is a physical property?

Water can be frozen to form ice Signup and view all the answers

Changing the temperature of water does not affect its chemical properties.

True Signup and view all the answers

What happens to water at its boiling point?

It changes from a liquid to a gas. Signup and view all the answers

What type of hybridization occurs when an atom has one s orbital and two p orbitals mixed together?

sp2 hybridization Signup and view all the answers

The presence of a π-bond always indicates that the atom is sp hybridized.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond angle characteristic of sp2 hybridized carbon?

120° Signup and view all the answers

An atom that is sp hybridized typically has ______ bonds.

triple Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of hybridization with their characteristics:

sp hybridization = Creates one σ-bond and two π-bonds sp2 hybridization = Results in a trigonal planar geometry s hybridization = Has no p orbitals involved d hybridization = Involves d orbitals, typically in transition metals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about functional groups is true?

They are predictable in their chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

If an atom is sp2 hybridized, it can participate in a triple bond.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name the geometry associated with sp hybridization.

linear Signup and view all the answers

What does the atomic number of an atom represent?

The number of protons in the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Isotopes have different numbers of electrons?

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass number of an isotope with 23 protons and 28 neutrons?

51 Signup and view all the answers

An atom with 14 protons and 15 neutrons is an isotope of __________.

Silicon Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of particle with its correct definition:

Proton = Positive charge, located in the nucleus Neutron = Neutral charge, located in the nucleus Electron = Negative charge, orbits around the nucleus Atomic Number = Number of protons in an atom Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding isotopes?

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

An element's atomic mass is determined solely by the number of protons it contains.

False Signup and view all the answers

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom is called its __________.

mass number Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physical States of Matter

Liquid: Indefinite shape and definite volume; takes the shape of its container while filling it.
Gas: Indefinite shape and volume; completely fills its container, adopting both its volume and shape.
Dependency Factors: The state of a substance depends on temperature, surrounding pressure, and the strength of forces holding its particles together.

Properties of Matter

Definition: Properties are distinguishing characteristics of a substance, used for identification and description; each substance has unique properties.
Types of Properties:
- Physical Properties: Observable without changing the substance's basic identity.
- Chemical Properties: Describe how matter undergoes changes to form new substances.

Changes in Matter

Physical Change: Occurs when a substance changes its physical appearance without altering its chemical composition; does not produce new substances (e.g., boiling or freezing water).

Pure Substances and Mixtures

Mixtures: Have variable composition; can be classified as:
- Heterogeneous Mixture: Contains visibly different phases with different properties.
- Homogeneous Mixture: Uniform composition with only one visibly distinct phase.
Examples:
- Homogeneous mixture: Gasoline.
- Pure substances: Oxygen, glucose, silver.

Chemical Symbols and Elements

Chemical Symbols: Composed of one or two letters derived from the element’s name; the first letter is capitalized and any second letter is lowercase.

Atoms and Molecules

Atom: Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties; limits of chemical subdivision (e.g., 254 million atoms can span approximately 1 inch).
Molecule: A group of two or more tightly bound atoms that function as a unit; can be diatomic (two atoms) or triatomic (three atoms).
Homoatomic Molecule: Contains only one type of atom; must be an element.

Binary Ionic Compounds

Binary Ionic Compound: Composed of one metal and one nonmetal.
Examples of Naming:
- K2S: Potassium sulfide
- Fe2O3: Iron(III) oxide
- CoCl2: Cobalt(II) chloride

Polyatomic Ions

Definition: Formed from groups of atoms through electron transfer; stable and keep their identity during reactions.
Examples:
- NaOH: Sodium hydroxide
- Mg(NO3)2: Magnesium nitrate
- (NH4)2SO4: Ammonium sulfate
Generalizations:
- Most polyatomic ions carry a negative charge, with exceptions like hydronium (H3O+) and ammonium (NH4+).
- Many contain oxygen atoms, with exceptions like cyanide (CN−) and ammonium (NH4+).
- Negatively charged polyatomic ions often end in –ide or –ate.

Atoms and Molecules

Heteroatomic molecules consist of two or more different types of atoms.
Heteroatomic substances are classified as compounds.

Molecular Classification

XeF4 is classified as:
- Pentatomic: consists of five atoms
- Heteroatomic: contains different types of atoms
- Compound: formed from two or more elements

Molecular Structures

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.
Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together.
Molecules can be categorized into diatomic, homoatomic, and heteroatomic.

Chemical Formulas

Chemical formulas include symbols of elements, indicating the presence and quantity of each atom in a compound.
H2O consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Ca3(PO4)2 consists of three calcium, two phosphorus, and eight oxygen atoms.

Determining Atoms in Chemical Formulas

For H2SO4:
- Two hydrogen, one sulfur, four oxygen atoms.
For Fe2(CO3)3:
- Two iron, three carbon, nine oxygen atoms.

Ionic Bond Model

Atoms can lose or gain electrons, creating ions: cations (positive) and anions (negative).
Examples:
- Potassium atom loses an electron to form K+.
- Sulfur atom gains two electrons to form S2-.

Electron Configurations

Atoms lose or gain electrons to achieve a noble gas electron configuration.
Sodium ion (Na+) has electron configuration similar to neon after losing one electron.

Guidelines for Electron Transfer

Metals (Groups IA, IIA, IIIA) lose electrons to achieve stability.
- Group IA: 1+
- Group IIA: 2+
- Group IIIA: 3+
Nonmetals (Groups VA, VIA, VIIA) gain electrons to become stable.
- Group VIIA: 1-
- Group VIA: 2-
- Group VA: 3-
Group IVA elements can either lose or gain four electrons.

Isoelectronic Species

Isoelectronic species share the same number and configuration of electrons.
Examples: N3-, O2-, F-, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ all have the electron configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶.

Naming Branched Hydrocarbons

Identify the longest carbon chain (parent chain) and its functional group.
Number the chain to minimize the sum of substituent positions.
Name substituents using the suffix -yl, while the parent chain retains -ane, -ene, or -yne.
Combine names: substituents followed by the parent chain.

Bond Formation

Single bonds form through sigma (σ) bonds, created by the overlapping of orbitals:
- Overlaps can occur between s-s, s-p, or p-p orbitals.

Properties of Matter

Matter properties categorized into physical and chemical types.
Physical properties can be observed without altering the substance's identity (e.g., color, melting point).
Chemical properties describe transformations that create new substances (e.g., reactivity with acids).
Example of a physical property: water’s boiling or freezing without changing its identity.

Changes in Matter

Physical change: Modifications in appearance or state without altering chemical composition (e.g., water boiling).

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Atomic number indicates the total number of protons within an atom's nucleus.
Atomic number is crucial for identifying elements.
Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Isotopes

Isotopes contain the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.
All isotopes of an element exhibit identical chemical behavior despite varying physical properties.
Most natural elements occur as isotopes; for example, silicon has isotopes with mass numbers of 28 and 29.

Chemical Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds formed by combining different charged ions.
Example formulas determined from ion interactions:
- Ba²⁺ and Cl⁻ form BaCl₂.
- Fe³⁺ and O²⁻ yield Fe₂O₃.
- Pb⁴⁺ and O²⁻ result in PbO₂.

Structure of Ionic Compounds

Composed of positively and negatively charged ions arranged to optimize electrostatic attraction.
Ionic compounds feature three-dimensional networks of ions, enhancing their stability.

sp and sp2 Hybridization

sp2 hybridization involves one s orbital and two p orbitals, leading to trigonal planar geometry with 120° bond angles.
sp hybridization, where one s orbital and one p orbital mix, results in triple bonds comprising one σ bond and two π bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons reveal less hydrogen due to the presence of double (sp2) or triple (sp) bonds.

Functional Groups

Functional groups define the reactive properties of organic compounds, enabling predictable chemical interactions.

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Description

Explore the various physical states and properties of matter in this quiz. Learn about the characteristics that define liquids, gases, and the differences between physical and chemical properties. Test your knowledge on how matter changes under different conditions.