Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term refers to the maximum capacity of a medium to carry data?
Which term refers to the maximum capacity of a medium to carry data?
- Goodput
- Latency
- Bandwidth (correct)
- Throughput
Goodput measures the total amount of data transferred, including overhead.
Goodput measures the total amount of data transferred, including overhead.
False (B)
What is the difference between throughput and goodput?
What is the difference between throughput and goodput?
Throughput measures the transfer of bits over time, while goodput measures the usable data transferred excluding overhead.
In a LAN with a bandwidth of 100 Mbps, the actual rate of usable data received is referred to as __________.
In a LAN with a bandwidth of 100 Mbps, the actual rate of usable data received is referred to as __________.
Match each term with its correct definition:
Match each term with its correct definition:
What is the purpose of using encoding before placing signals on the media?
What is the purpose of using encoding before placing signals on the media?
Encoding techniques use bit patterns known as symbols.
Encoding techniques use bit patterns known as symbols.
What do code groups help distinguish in data transmission?
What do code groups help distinguish in data transmission?
Using code groups introduces overhead in the form of extra bits to transmit, which improves the ______________ of a communications link.
Using code groups introduces overhead in the form of extra bits to transmit, which improves the ______________ of a communications link.
Match the signaling aspects with their functions:
Match the signaling aspects with their functions:
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using code groups?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using code groups?
The transition from low to high voltage occurs at the end of the bit time.
The transition from low to high voltage occurs at the end of the bit time.
What is the typical transformation of data bits during encoding, as mentioned?
What is the typical transformation of data bits during encoding, as mentioned?
Which of the following characteristics can be changed to represent bits on the media?
Which of the following characteristics can be changed to represent bits on the media?
Frequency modulation can be used as a method of representing bits on the physical medium.
Frequency modulation can be used as a method of representing bits on the physical medium.
What is the term for the time a signal occupies the media while representing a bit?
What is the term for the time a signal occupies the media while representing a bit?
In Non-Return to Zero (NRZ), a 0 is represented by one ________ level during the bit time.
In Non-Return to Zero (NRZ), a 0 is represented by one ________ level during the bit time.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which signaling method indicates a 0 by a high to low voltage transition in the middle of the bit time?
Which signaling method indicates a 0 by a high to low voltage transition in the middle of the bit time?
Successful delivery of bits does not require the use of a clock.
Successful delivery of bits does not require the use of a clock.
What are the primary components defined in the physical layer of communication?
What are the primary components defined in the physical layer of communication?
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Study Notes
Physical Signaling and Encoding
- Encoding is the process of grouping bits into symbols.
- Encoding before transmission improves data transmission efficiency at faster speeds.
- Signal patterns are used for frame detection - by having unique patterns for start and end of frames.
- Signal patterns indicate the start of a frame, end of a frame, and frame contents.
Encoding Techniques
- Encoding techniques uses bit patterns called symbols.
- The physical layer uses a set of encoded symbols called code groups to represent data or control information.
- Code groups improve communication link robustness.
- Code group advantages: reduce bit-level errors, limit effective energy transmitted, distinguish data from control bits, better media error detection.
Data Carrying Capacity
- Data transfer is measured in Bandwidth, Throughput, and Goodput.
- Bandwidth is the raw data capacity of the medium.
- Throughput is the measured amount of data transferred over a specific period of time.
- Goodput is the measure of usable data transferred and is most relevant to network users.
Physical Components
- Electronic hardware, media and connectors used to transmit signals representing bits.
Signaling Bits for Media
- Frames are transmitted across the media as a stream of individual bits.
- Each signal has a specific amount of time to occupy the media – this is called its bit time.
- Signaling methods represent bits on the media by modifying amplitude, frequency, or phase of a signal.
- A clock synchronizes transmitter and receiver to ensure successful bit delivery.
Signaling Methods
- Signaling methods for representing bits on media can be complex.
- Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) uses different voltage levels to represent 0 and 1.
- Manchester Encoding uses a high-to-low voltage transition in the middle of the bit time to represent 0 and a low-to-high transition to represent 1.
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