Physical Security: Access Control

Building Access Control

• A security system at any physical barrier must distinguish between authorized persons, unauthorized visitors, and other unauthorized personnel
• This helps security personnel protect sensitive areas and information within an installation

Visitor Movement Control

• All visitors to a facility should be required to identify and be given visitor's ID
• Visitors with cameras should be prohibited
• The visitors should be escorted by the security if possible
• Separate entrances should be used for visitors and employees,

Types of Area

• Controlled Area: Access is restricted to authorized personnel and vehicles, plus it is marked by a fence or other barrier
• Limited Area: An area within a controlled area where a high degree of security is required
• Restricted Area: Access to which is subject to special restriction control
• Exclusion Area: A restricted area where materials or operations of security interest are contained and is used for handling and storage of high-value cargo and classified documents

Protective Lighting

• Lighting that emphasizes illumination of the perimeter barrier and approaches to it, or concentrates on the area and building within the perimeter

Importance of Protective Lighting

• Improves visibility so intruders can be seen, identified, and apprehended
• Creates psychological fear, which serves as a deterrent to thieves, pilferers, trespassers, and saboteurs
• Makes the routine work of guards easier in identifying employees and vehicles at night
• Reduces the number of stationary guards needed and may require roving patrols at night

Types of Protective Lighting

• Continuous Lighting
• Standby Lighting
• Movable or Portable Lighting
• Emergency Lighting

Types of Security/Protective Lighting

• Stationary Luminary (Continuous Lighting): Most common type; consists of a fixed series of luminaries, commonly used on entry gates of employees and vehicles
• Glare Protection Type: The intensity is focused on the intruder, while the observer or guard remains in comparative darkness
• Controlled Lighting: Focuses lighting on certain objects rather than the background
• Standby Lighting: Similar to continuous lighting, but can be turned on manually or by a special device where there is a suspicion of entry.
• Emergency Lighting: Standby lighting to be utilized in the event of electrical failure
• Movable or Portable Lighting: Manually operated, movable search lights used for lighting for a short period

General Types of Lighting Sources

• Incandescent Lamp: Least expensive in terms of energy consumption; provides instant illumination when the switch is on
• Mercury Vapor Lamp: Ideal for exterior lighting; emits purplish-white light via an electric current through a tube of conducting luminous gas
• Metal Halide- Similar to mercury vapor, but provides a light source of higher luminous efficiency and better color rendition
• Fluorescent: Cost-effective with a long life, provides good color rendition and high lamp efficiency, but cannot project light over a long distance making it undesirable as floodlights
• High-Pressure Sodium Vapor: Used in parking areas, roadways, and buildings. Emits golden-white to light-pink light and is similar to mercury vapor

Types of Protective Lighting Equipment

• Floodlights: The outdoor lighting needs consist of illumination of boundaries, fences, and buildings and for the emphasis of vital areas or particular buildings
• Searchlights: Designed to pinpoint trouble spots and is valuable in reducing crime
• Fresnel Lights: Used to extend

Areas to be Lighted

• Facilities should light vehicular and pedestrian gates, parking areas, sensitive areas, storage areas, and perimeter fences

Protective Alarm

• A protective alarm is an aural or visual signal given by the annunciator to the security when an intruder actuates certain devices in a protected area
• An annunciator is a visual or audible signaling device, which initiates conditions of associated circuits.

Protective Alarms

• Alarm systems alert security personnel of an attempted or completed intrusion into an area, building, or compound
• Each alarm is activated when an intruder tampers with the circuitry, a beam, or radiated waves and they are also there for smoke, fire or other emergencies

Three Basic Parts of an Alarm

• Sensors: Detect abnormal conditions within the system and provide a signal indicating the presence or nature of the abnormality
• Circuit or Transmission Line: The communication channel that conveys information from all sensors in the system to the alarm signal wire or radio waves
• Signal or Annunciator: The actual alarm may be audible or silent, a bell, buzzer, phone ringing, or flashing of light

Types of Protective Alarm Systems

• Central Station Alarm System
• Proprietary System
• Local Alarm System
• Auxiliary Alarm System
• Dial Alarm System

Central Station System

• Operation of the protection devices and circuits is automatically signaled to a commercial agency, called a central station
• They call for assistance from the police, fire department, hospital, or other government assisted units

Proprietary System

• Similar to the central station type, but the proprietary console is located inside the subscriber's installation who owns or leases the system

Local Alarm

• Consists of rigging up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected
• In case of an alarm, the local guards and other personnel within sight or hearing will respond

Auxiliary Alarm System

• An auxiliary system connects the alarm system in the building to a larger public system
• E.g. connecting a fire alarm to the fire department in the area or a communications center

Protective Lock

• A mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, or electronic device designed to prevent entry to a building or room

Types of Locks

• Key-Operated Lock: Uses some sort of arrangement of internal physical barriers to prevent operation unless they are properly aligned and a key aligns the internal barriers so that the lock may be operated
• Padlock: A portable and detachable lock that has a pivoted or sliding hasp which possesses through a staple ring, is made fast or secured
• Combination Lock: Requires manipulation of parts according to a predetermined combination code of numbers
• Card-Operated Lock: A lock is opened by inserting a coded card in a slot
• Code-Operated Lock: It’s opened from pushing the correct button on the surface of the lock
• Electronic Lock: A lock that is closed and opened remotely by electronic means
• Warded Lock: A type of lock that uses a set of obstructions, or wards, to prevent the lock from opening unless the correct key is inserted
• Disc Tumbler Lock: A lock composed of slotted rotating detainer discs
• Disk-Tumbler Lock: A disc tumbler lock used in automobiles would afford delay of at least 5 to 10 minutes
• Lever Lock: It is installed in safe deposit boxes and considered pick proof since it is operated by utilizing combinations by means of a dial

Key Control

• The management of keys in a plant or business organization to prevent unauthorized individual access to the keys

Types of Keys

• Change Key: A key to a single lock
• Sub-Master Key: A key that can open all locks within a particular area or grouping
• Master Key: A special key capable of opening a series of locks
• Grand Master Key: A key that can open everything in a system involving two or more master key groups

False key

• Genuine key stolen from the owner

Peterman

• A term used in England for lock pickers, safecrackers, and penetrators of restricted areas or rooms

Art 304 of the Revised Penal Code

• Possession of picklocks/similar tools is illegal without lawful cause and will be punished
• A picklock is defined as a tool used in picking locks

Article 305 of the Revised Penal Code

• Defines "false keys" to include "the tools mentioned in the next preceding article."

Security Cabinet

• The final line of defense at a facility located in the high-security storage area
• The purpose is to protect papers, records, plans, cashable instruments, precious metals, or other valuable assets

Types of Security Cabinets

• Safe
• Vault
• File Room

Safe

• A metallic container for protecting documents or small items in an office or installation
• Any safe weighting under 750 lbs should be anchored to the building structure
• Its body should be at least 1 inch thick steel and the door should be steel and 1 1/2 inches thick

Vault

• Heavily constructed for fire and burglar resistance as part of the building structure
• This is used to keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable instruments
• The vault door should be made of steel at at least 6 inches thick and be resistive up to 6 hours

File Room

• A cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault (but bigger in size) to only accommodate 4 people to work on the records
• Has a watertight door and at least an hour of fire proofing and is 12 feet high at most
• The ventilation should be through the door
• Walls and structures should be fire proof

Document and Information Security

• The branch of security that is involved in the protection of documents and classified papers from loss, access by unauthorized persons, theft, damage and compromise through disclosure
• The term document in security matters covers any form of recorded information, either printed, written, drawn, painted, sound recording, films, maps, etc
• The object is to secure and control the sensitive information contained, in order to ensure prejudice for the firm company or agency

Security of Classified Matter

• As outlined by Memorandum Circular No. 78
• Top Secret: Unauthorized disclosure could cause extremely grave damage to the nation, politically, economically, or militarily
• Secret: Unauthorized disclosure could endanger national security or cause serious injury to the interests or prestige of the nation
• Confidential: Unauthorized disclosure would be prejudicial to the interests/prestige of the nation or governmental activity, or cause administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury
• Restricted: Requires special protection, but not deemed Confidential, Secret, or Top Secret

Four Types of Classified Matter

• Top Secret (Green Color Code)
• Secret (Red Color Code)
• Confidential (Blue Color Code)
• Restricted (White/No Color or Black)

Types of Documents

• Class I - Vital Document: Irreplaceable records whose reproduction cannot have the same value as the original
• Class II - Important Document: Reproduction causes considerable expense and labor/delays
• Class III - Useful Document
• Class IV- Non-Essential Document: Include daily files, routine in nature, and their loss would not affect the organization