Physical Sciences: Matter and Energy

Physical Sciences

• Matter and its Properties:
  • Matter can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas
  • Characteristics of matter: mass, volume, density, and buoyancy
  • Density: mass per unit volume (density = mass / volume)
• Energy and its Forms:
  • Types of energy: kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, and chemical
  • Energy transformations: conversion from one form to another
  • Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

Chemical Reactions

• Types of Chemical Reactions:
  • Combination reaction: two or more substances combine to form a new substance
  • Decomposition reaction: a single substance breaks down into two or more substances
  • Displacement reaction: one element displaces another element from a compound
  • Neutralization reaction: acid and base react to form salt and water
• Chemical Equation:
  • Representation of a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas
  • Reactants: substances that react to form products
  • Products: substances formed as a result of the reaction
• Chemical Reaction Rates:
  • Factors affecting reaction rates: concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts

Cell Biology

• Cell Structure:
  • Cell membrane: semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
  • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
  • Nucleus: control center of the cell where DNA is stored
  • Mitochondria: powerhouses of the cell where energy is produced
• Cell Functions:
  • Photosynthesis: process by which plants produce energy from sunlight
  • Respiration: process by which cells produce energy from glucose
  • Cell division: process by which cells reproduce and grow

Forces and Motion

• Types of Forces:
  • Contact forces: push or pull forces that act through physical contact
  • Non-contact forces: forces that act without physical contact (e.g. gravity, magnetism)
• Newton's Laws of Motion:
  • First law: an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force
  • Second law: force is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma)
  • Third law: every action has an equal and opposite reaction
• Motion:
  • Types of motion: linear, circular, and rotational motion
  • Distance and displacement: distance is the total path traveled, while displacement is the shortest distance between two points

Matter and its Properties

• Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas
• Characteristics of matter include mass, volume, density, and buoyancy
• Density is calculated by dividing mass by volume (density = mass / volume)

Energy and its Forms

• Energy types include kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, and chemical
• Energy can be transformed from one form to another
• The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

Chemical Reactions

Types of Chemical Reactions

• Combination reactions involve two or more substances combining to form a new substance
• Decomposition reactions involve a single substance breaking down into two or more substances
• Displacement reactions involve one element displacing another element from a compound
• Neutralization reactions involve acid and base reacting to form salt and water

Chemical Equation

• Chemical equations represent chemical reactions using symbols and formulas
• Reactants are substances that react to form products
• Products are substances formed as a result of the reaction

Chemical Reaction Rates

• Factors affecting reaction rates include concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts

Cell Biology

Cell Structure

• The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell
• Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell where DNA is stored
• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell where energy is produced

Cell Functions

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce energy from sunlight
• Respiration is the process by which cells produce energy from glucose
• Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce and grow

Forces and Motion

Types of Forces

• Contact forces are push or pull forces that act through physical contact
• Non-contact forces are forces that act without physical contact (e.g. gravity, magnetism)

Newton's Laws of Motion

• The First Law states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force
• The Second Law states that force is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma)
• The Third Law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Motion

• Types of motion include linear, circular, and rotational motion
• Distance is the total path traveled, while displacement is the shortest distance between two points