Physical Science Chapter 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following items are composed of matter? (Select all that apply)

Ice on a pond (correct)

Air inside a balloon (correct)

Clouds in the sky (correct)

Thoughts

Match the subatomic particles with their descriptions:

Protons = Positively charged Electrons = Outside the nucleus Neutrons = No charge Protons & Neutrons = Have significant mass

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does a neutrally charged Carbon atom have?

Protons - 6, Neutrons - 6, Electrons - 6

How does Carbon-14 differ from Carbon-12?

Carbon-14 has two more neutrons than Carbon-12. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the table by entering the correct number of protons and neutrons for each isotope: Hydrogen-2: P - , N -

1, 1 Signup and view all the answers

Complete the table by entering the correct number of protons and neutrons for each isotope: Carbon-12: P - , N -

6, 6 Signup and view all the answers

Complete the table by entering the correct number of protons and neutrons for each isotope: Carbon-14: P - , N -

6, 8 Signup and view all the answers

Complete the table by entering the correct number of protons and neutrons for each isotope: Nitrogen-14: P - , N -

7, 7 Signup and view all the answers

Complete the table by entering the correct number of protons and neutrons for each isotope: Oxygen-17: P - , N -

8, 9 Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants and products in the process of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide and water (reactants) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an anion and a cation?

An anion has a negative charge whereas a cation has a positive charge. Signup and view all the answers

How many protons does an ion with 24 electrons and a charge of +3 contain?

27 protons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describe a chemical bond? (Select all that apply)

Sharing of electrons between atoms Signup and view all the answers

Classify each statement as applying to ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or both:

Ionic Bonds = Come apart when mixed with polar water molecules Covalent Bonds = Found in biomolecules, such as proteins and DNA Both = Attraction based on the number of electrons in the outermost shells Signup and view all the answers

Determine whether each of the statements or molecules below refers to a polar bond or a nonpolar bond:

Polar Bonds = One atom has a partial negative charge, and the other has a partial positive charge Nonpolar Bonds = Electrons are equally shared between atoms in a covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the high heat of vaporization of water?

Your skin feels cold after emerging from a swimming pool. Signup and view all the answers

How does the specific heat of water influence biological systems?

A high specific heat enables organisms to resist temperature fluctuations. Signup and view all the answers

What property of water molecules leads to the high surface tension of liquid water?

Formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pH of biological fluids in humans, such as blood and extracellular fluid?

7.4 Signup and view all the answers

A buffer is a substance that...

Releases or accepts hydrogen ions to maintain pH. Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon so prevalent in biological molecules, such as proteins?

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms. Signup and view all the answers

If the solid form of most molecules is heavier than the liquid form, why does ice float?

The crystalline structure of ice is less dense than liquid water. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates how the property of ice floating on water supports life on Earth? (Select all that apply)

Ice provides a habitat for land-dwelling arctic and antarctic animals Signup and view all the answers

Select the descriptions of the ways hydrocarbon skeleton structures may vary. (Select all that apply)

Branching of the carbon chain Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter Composition

Air inside a balloon, clouds, and ice on a pond are composed of matter.

Subatomic Particles

Protons carry a positive charge.
Electrons carry a negative charge and are located outside the nucleus.
Neutrons have no charge and are found in the nucleus.
Protons and neutrons have significant mass and comprise the nucleus.

Carbon Atom Structure

A neutral carbon atom contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons.
Carbon-14 differs from Carbon-12 by having two additional neutrons.

Isotope Composition

Hydrogen-2: 1 proton, 1 neutron
Carbon-12: 6 protons, 6 neutrons
Carbon-14: 6 protons, 8 neutrons
Nitrogen-14: 7 protons, 7 neutrons
Oxygen-17: 8 protons, 9 neutrons

Photosynthesis Process

Photosynthesis produces glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
Carbon dioxide and water serve as reactants; glucose and oxygen are products.

Ion Differences

Anions possess a negative charge, whereas cations have a positive charge.

Ion Particle Count

An ion with 24 electrons and a +3 charge has 27 protons.

Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds involve sharing electrons or interaction between oppositely charged ions.
Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions and dissociate in polar water.
Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons and remain intact in water, crucial for biomolecules.

Bond Classification

Polar bonds: unequal sharing of electrons, featured in water, with partial charges.
Nonpolar bonds: equal sharing of electrons, as in diatomic hydrogen (H2).

Water Properties

High heat of vaporization of water cools the skin after swimming.
High specific heat allows organisms to maintain stable temperatures.
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules contribute to high surface tension.

pH in Biological Systems

Typical pH of human biological fluids is 7.4.
Buffers regulate pH by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions.

Carbon in Biological Molecules

Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds allows diverse molecular shapes and bonding with hydrogen to create hydrocarbons.

Ice and Density

Ice floats because its crystalline structure is less dense than liquid water.

Ice's Role in Ecosystems

Floating ice creates habitats for arctic and antarctic animals and ensures aquatic life survives when water freezes.

Hydrocarbon Variability

Hydrocarbon skeletons can vary in ring structures, branching, length, and the position of double bonds.

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Description

Test your understanding of the components of matter and subatomic particles with these flashcards from Chapter 2. You'll match particles to their properties and identify items that are composed of matter. Perfect for reinforcing key scientific concepts!