40 Questions
What is the last step in the encapsulation process?
Sending bits over the physical medium
What does the physical layer encode?
Bits
Who defines the services and protocols in the TCP/IP suite?
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
What do Physical Layer Standards address?
Three functional areas
What are specified in standards associated with the physical layer?
Hardware components
What does the destination node physical layer retrieve?
Signals from the media
What does the physical layer create?
Electrical, optical, or radio wave signals
Who develops the electronic circuitry, media, and connectors of the physical layer?
Electrical engineers
What is the measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time?
Goodput
What is the main limitation of copper cabling?
Limited by distance and signal interference
What is the measure of the time it takes for data to travel from one point to another?
Latency
What is the type of interference that occurs between adjacent wires?
Crosstalk
What can mitigate attenuation in copper cabling?
Strict adherence to cable length limits
What is the measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time?
Throughput
What is the term for the degradation of signal strength over distance?
Attenuation
What is the advantage of using copper cabling?
It is inexpensive and easy to install
What is the primary purpose of encoding in the physical layer?
To provide a predictable pattern that can be recognized by the next device
What type of encoding is used in older Ethernet standards, such as 10BASE-T?
Manchester encoding
What is the signaling method in the physical layer?
The way bits are represented on the physical medium
What is the reason for the physical layer standards to define the type of signal?
To represent the 1s and 0s on the media
What is the transition point in Manchester encoding?
At the middle of each bit period
What is the purpose of the physical layer in generating signals?
To represent the 1s and 0s on the media
What type of encoding is used in Ethernet 100BASETX?
4B/5B encoding
What type of encoding is used in 1000BASE-T?
8B/10B encoding
What is one way to mitigate EMI and RFI in copper cables?
Using metallic shielding and grounding
What is an advantage of fiber-optic cabling?
It is completely immune to EMI and RFI
What is the primary use of single-mode fiber?
Long-distance, high-bandwidth applications
What is dispersion in fiber-optic cabling?
The spreading out of a light pulse over time
Why is multimode fiber limited to a maximum cable distance of 550 meters?
Due to its increased dispersion
What is used to encode bits as pulses of light in fiber-optic cabling?
A laser or LED
What is the primary difference between single-mode and multimode fiber?
Core size
Where is fiber-optic cabling typically used?
In high-traffic, point-to-point connections
What is the primary function of a Wireless Access Point?
To concentrate wireless signals from users and connect to the existing copper-based network infrastructure
What is the main purpose of WiMAX technology?
To provide broadband wireless access using a point-to-multipoint topology
What is the primary application of Zigbee technology?
Internet of Things (IoT) applications
What is the name of the protocol used by Wi-Fi technology?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
What is the typical distance range for Bluetooth technology?
1 to 100 meters
What is the role of Network Administrators in WLAN security?
To develop and apply stringent security policies and processes
What is the function of a Wireless NIC Adapter?
To provide capability to network hosts
What is the typical feature of home and small business wireless routers?
They integrate the functions of a router, switch, and access point into one device
Test your understanding of the physical layer, its characteristics, and its role in encoding and decoding frames in computer networks. Learn about the transmission and retrieval of signals over physical media.
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