86 Questions
What is one of the metabolic responses to physical activity?
Increased uptake of sugar and fat from the blood stream
How does sedentary behavior affect inflammation levels?
Elevates cytokine levels leading to chronic low-grade inflammation
What is a consequence of long periods of inactivity?
Triggers an inflammatory response
Which period in history marks the transition to larger, agricultural settlements?
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution (10,000 – 8,000 B.C.)
What were some developments during the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?
Animal and plant domestication, and the invention of the plow
How are human physiologic systems biased in terms of energy efficiency?
Highly energy efficient with minimal physical activity but adapted for greater efficiency when moving
What is a major issue mentioned in the text regarding the unique abilities of individuals within certain populations?
The perception that these abilities can be achieved without any training
Why are the specialized abilities more frequent in certain populations compared to typical western societies?
Reflecting cultural need/opportunity
What does the text imply about the myth surrounding the exceptional feats of some individuals within certain populations?
That training is not required to accomplish such feats
Why do only a few select individuals within certain populations exhibit exceptional capabilities?
Because of personal interest and dedication
What does the text suggest about the daily lives of individuals in typical western societies?
They involve engaging in physical labor and psychological challenges
What is one reason why specialized abilities are slightly more frequent in certain populations than in typical western societies?
Cultural need/opportunity for survival imperatives
What locomotion pattern requires half the energy expenditure in mammalian quadrupeds as compared to human bipedalism at maximum speed?
Mammalian quadruped locomotion at maximum speeds
Which adaptation is mentioned as contributing to human endurance activity?
Reduced body hair
Which type of locomotion may have specifically biased selection towards enhancing aspects of endurance?
Human bipedalism
Which characteristic is NOT mentioned as an adaptation for human endurance activity?
Decreased metabolic adaptations
What type of locomotion requires only half the energy expenditure in humans as compared to mammalian quadrupeds at typical locomotion speeds?
Human bipedalism at typical speeds
Which aspect aligns with selection to enhance efficiency for endurance activity according to the text?
Adaptations for sedentary behavior
What was a turning point in human history mentioned in the text?
Medical advancements fighting infectious diseases
How did the opportunity for a larger portion of the population to engage in less physical activity come about?
At the expense of a smaller number of individuals increasing physical activity
What did the medical advancements help a larger portion of the population do?
Survive infections
What does the text suggest about the relationship between infectious diseases and physical activity?
Surviving infections enabled people to avoid physical activity
What crucial threats to health and wellbeing were enabled by the changes described in the text?
Emergence of critical health threats
What is a common theme among prominent Chinese, Indian, Plato, Socrates, and Confucius philosophers when it comes to mental health?
Encouraging physical activity as a means to improve mental health
During the fifteen to seventeenth centuries, why did educators and philosophers encourage activity within the middle and upper classes?
To promote values and character development
What does the existence of historical evidence regarding physical activity in various civilizations suggest about those populations?
Some exhibited lower levels of physical activity
What was the primary focus when engaging in physical activity during ancient times according to the text?
Improving combat skills
What concept aligns with engaging in physical activity to specifically incur adaptations in health and skills?
Exercise
What behavior appears to be uniquely human with regards to engaging in physical activity for specific benefits?
Training for specific adaptations in health and skills
What is the common assertion made by gym-bros and fitness enthusiasts regarding civilization and modern society's impact on physical abilities?
That civilization has reduced natural physical abilities
From an evolutionary perspective, what type of physical activity is more normal?
Pushing the body to do nonessential physical activity
What term is used in the text to describe a belief based on intuition or desire rather than evidence?
Truthiness
What do gym-bros and fitness enthusiasts often point to as evidence that people could have greater athletic abilities without modern society?
Select individuals from less westernized populations
What does the text suggest about the myth of the Athletic Early Human?
It is a notion without substantial supporting evidence
What is the implication of setting aside modern society's influence on physical abilities?
Improved natural physical abilities
What would be the physical activity level (PAL) for an individual with a metabolic rate of 1600 kcals, consuming 2000 kcals of food, and expending 800 kcals through physical activity?
1.6 BMR
What is the physical activity level (PAL) observed in chimpanzees?
1.5
What is the primary focus of human evolution in terms of physical activity, as mentioned in the text?
Minimizing unnecessary physical activity
Which population exhibits a Physical Activity Level (PAL) close to that of construction workers?
Subsistence farmers
What appears to be a distinguishing characteristic of humans and primates compared to other mammals?
Aversion to unnecessary physical activity
What does the text imply about the relationship between energy intake, expenditure, and Physical Activity Level (PAL)?
PAL increases with energy expenditure and decreases with energy intake
In terms of energy expenditure, how does human bipedalism compare with mammalian quadruped locomotion at maximum speed?
Human bipedalism requires more energy than mammalian quadruped locomotion.
What adaptation contributes to human endurance activity according to the text?
Increased mitochondrial concentrations
How does the pattern of energy expenditure change when comparing human bipedalism with mammalian quadruped locomotion at typical speeds?
Human bipedalism requires significantly less energy than mammalian quadrupeds.
What is suggested as a consequence of the adaptations for endurance activity that humans possess?
Increased susceptibility to overheating
Which adaptation aligns with the selection to enhance efficiency for endurance activity according to the text?
Increased vascularization
What aspect of human locomotion patterns may have been influenced by enhancing aspects of endurance?
Shifting towards bipedalism
What is one of the key differences in how modern humans engage in sedentary behavior compared to non-human great apes?
Modern humans spend more time sitting than non-human great apes.
How does energetically sitting with your back against a back rest compare to laying down in terms of energy requirement?
Sitting with back support requires 4% more energy than laying down.
Which hypothesis suggests that human physiology is adapted for consistent muscle activity throughout the day?
Inactivity Mismatch Hypothesis
What do hunter-gatherer populations, subsistence farmers, and preindustrialized societies have in common regarding sitting?
They all spend about nine to ten hours sitting per day.
What is a consequence of humans acquiring physiologic adaptations to enhance endurance?
Increased dependency on physical activity.
How does the energy expenditure of hunter-gatherer populations compare to non-human great apes while foraging for food?
Hunter-gatherer populations and non-human great apes exhibit similar levels of energy expenditure.
How does the dominant modern perspective explain the critical period coinciding with the early origins of hunting and gathering?
By pointing to changes in pelvic anatomy reducing energetic needs.
What adaptation allowed humans to forage across larger areas and thrive in habitats with lesser food densities according to the text?
Fully upright bipedal locomotion patterns
Why do non-human great apes not develop obesity-related diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, or heart diseases despite low physical activity levels?
As they spend approximately ten hours sedentary or in very light activity like grooming or eating.
How do non-human great apes primarily spend their time according to the text?
Sleeping for about ten hours and engaging in sedentary or light activities like grooming and eating.
What classification of physical activity level (PAL) would an individual fall under if they have a PAL of 1.75?
Moderately active
If an individual has a PAL of 2.5, what classification of physical activity level do they belong to?
Extremely active
Which range of PAL would classify someone as sedentary according to the World Health Organization?
1.4 - 1.69
What type of physical activity level is someone classified under if they have a PAL of 2.1?
Vigorously active
An individual with a PAL greater than 3.0 would be classified as:
Extremely active
What is the author's main criticism of using examples like the Tarahumara, Sherpa, and Bajau to make assertions about early human physical capabilities?
They represent extreme situations rather than the norm.
What poses a challenge when comparing the physical capabilities of select populations with those from industrialized societies?
Differences in population-level adaptations.
Which adaptation mentioned in the text has propagated across generations to enhance success within certain environmental niches?
Enlarged spleens.
What aspect of the myth surrounding the exceptional feats of some individuals does the text emphasize?
The reliance on anecdotal evidence.
How do enhanced aspects of endurance activity influence human locomotion patterns according to the text?
By reducing energy expenditure.
What is one key reason why using non-industrial peoples as examples can be misleading when making assertions about early human physical capabilities?
Their adaptations to harsh environments.
What does research suggest about the energy expenditure of human bipedalism compared to mammalian quadruped locomotion patterns at maximum speed?
Human bipedalism requires less energy than mammalian quadruped locomotion.
What is the physiological response to physical activity that combats excess energy storage?
Increased uptake of sugar and fat from the blood stream
What adaptation contributes to human endurance activity, as mentioned in the text?
Increased mitochondrial concentrations.
What is the main consequence of long periods of inactivity according to the text?
Elevated levels of cytokines leading to chronic low-grade inflammation
How does the stride length of humans contribute to their endurance activity?
Greater stride length enhances endurance activity.
What distinguishes the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution according to the text?
Transition to larger, agricultural settlements
What is the primary implication of human physiologic systems being energy efficient?
Adapted for minimal physical activity and efficiency when needed
Which aspect of human physiology aligns with enhancing efficiency for endurance activity according to the text?
Increased vascularization.
What effect does sedentary behavior have on inflammation levels?
Results in chronic low-grade inflammation
What is one reason why humans exhibit lower maximal speeds compared to other mammals?
Humans possess metabolic adaptations for endurance.
What was a significant focus during the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?
Agricultural developments including animal and plant domestication
How are human locomotion patterns biased according to the text?
Biased towards enhancing aspects of endurance.
What shift in human history is mentioned in the text as the period when some individuals began engaging in less physical activity?
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
In ancient China and India, what was emphasized as a way of promoting longevity, avoiding dysfunction, and controlling the mind and emotions?
Movement practices
What historical evidence serves as the earliest indication of what would later become sports medicine?
Ancient China and India
During what time period was there a general awareness that being physically active was beneficial for health and wellbeing?
Fifteenth to seventeenth centuries
Which historical event marks a critical transition period where a mismatch started to occur between physiological attributes optimized for movement and the opportunity to avoid physical activity?
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
What key aspect of human history is associated with the beginning of the opportunity for some people to engage in less physical activity?
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
Test your knowledge on the physical abilities of indigenous populations and their extraordinary feats. Explore topics like energy expenditures and unique capabilities observed in certain individuals within these populations.
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