KIN 240 Handout 10
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the metabolic responses to physical activity?

  • Increased uptake of sugar and fat from the blood stream (correct)
  • Decreased release of cytokine inhibitors
  • Decreased uptake of sugar and fat from the blood stream
  • Increased storage of excess energy in adipose tissue

    • How does sedentary behavior affect inflammation levels?

  • Has no impact on cytokine levels
  • Reduces inflammation levels effectively
  • Elevates cytokine levels leading to chronic low-grade inflammation (correct)
  • Triggers an anti-inflammatory response

    • What is a consequence of long periods of inactivity?

  • Enhances muscle function
  • Triggers an inflammatory response (correct)
  • Reduces damage to tissues in the arteries
  • Increases physical activity efficiency

    • Which period in history marks the transition to larger, agricultural settlements?

    <p>Neolithic Agricultural Revolution (10,000 – 8,000 B.C.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some developments during the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?

    <p>Animal and plant domestication, and the invention of the plow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are human physiologic systems biased in terms of energy efficiency?

    <p>Highly energy efficient with minimal physical activity but adapted for greater efficiency when moving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major issue mentioned in the text regarding the unique abilities of individuals within certain populations?

    <p>The perception that these abilities can be achieved without any training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the specialized abilities more frequent in certain populations compared to typical western societies?

    <p>Reflecting cultural need/opportunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the myth surrounding the exceptional feats of some individuals within certain populations?

    <p>That training is not required to accomplish such feats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do only a few select individuals within certain populations exhibit exceptional capabilities?

    <p>Because of personal interest and dedication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the daily lives of individuals in typical western societies?

    <p>They involve engaging in physical labor and psychological challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why specialized abilities are slightly more frequent in certain populations than in typical western societies?

    <p>Cultural need/opportunity for survival imperatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What locomotion pattern requires half the energy expenditure in mammalian quadrupeds as compared to human bipedalism at maximum speed?

    <p>Mammalian quadruped locomotion at maximum speeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation is mentioned as contributing to human endurance activity?

    <p>Reduced body hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of locomotion may have specifically biased selection towards enhancing aspects of endurance?

    <p>Human bipedalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT mentioned as an adaptation for human endurance activity?

    <p>Decreased metabolic adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of locomotion requires only half the energy expenditure in humans as compared to mammalian quadrupeds at typical locomotion speeds?

    <p>Human bipedalism at typical speeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect aligns with selection to enhance efficiency for endurance activity according to the text?

    <p>Adaptations for sedentary behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a turning point in human history mentioned in the text?

    <p>Medical advancements fighting infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the opportunity for a larger portion of the population to engage in less physical activity come about?

    <p>At the expense of a smaller number of individuals increasing physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the medical advancements help a larger portion of the population do?

    <p>Survive infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between infectious diseases and physical activity?

    <p>Surviving infections enabled people to avoid physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial threats to health and wellbeing were enabled by the changes described in the text?

    <p>Emergence of critical health threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common theme among prominent Chinese, Indian, Plato, Socrates, and Confucius philosophers when it comes to mental health?

    <p>Encouraging physical activity as a means to improve mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the fifteen to seventeenth centuries, why did educators and philosophers encourage activity within the middle and upper classes?

    <p>To promote values and character development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the existence of historical evidence regarding physical activity in various civilizations suggest about those populations?

    <p>Some exhibited lower levels of physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus when engaging in physical activity during ancient times according to the text?

    <p>Improving combat skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept aligns with engaging in physical activity to specifically incur adaptations in health and skills?

    <p>Exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior appears to be uniquely human with regards to engaging in physical activity for specific benefits?

    <p>Training for specific adaptations in health and skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common assertion made by gym-bros and fitness enthusiasts regarding civilization and modern society's impact on physical abilities?

    <p>That civilization has reduced natural physical abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From an evolutionary perspective, what type of physical activity is more normal?

    <p>Pushing the body to do nonessential physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used in the text to describe a belief based on intuition or desire rather than evidence?

    <p>Truthiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do gym-bros and fitness enthusiasts often point to as evidence that people could have greater athletic abilities without modern society?

    <p>Select individuals from less westernized populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the myth of the Athletic Early Human?

    <p>It is a notion without substantial supporting evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of setting aside modern society's influence on physical abilities?

    <p>Improved natural physical abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the physical activity level (PAL) for an individual with a metabolic rate of 1600 kcals, consuming 2000 kcals of food, and expending 800 kcals through physical activity?

    <p>1.6 BMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical activity level (PAL) observed in chimpanzees?

    <p>1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of human evolution in terms of physical activity, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Minimizing unnecessary physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population exhibits a Physical Activity Level (PAL) close to that of construction workers?

    <p>Subsistence farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What appears to be a distinguishing characteristic of humans and primates compared to other mammals?

    <p>Aversion to unnecessary physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the relationship between energy intake, expenditure, and Physical Activity Level (PAL)?

    <p>PAL increases with energy expenditure and decreases with energy intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of energy expenditure, how does human bipedalism compare with mammalian quadruped locomotion at maximum speed?

    <p>Human bipedalism requires more energy than mammalian quadruped locomotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation contributes to human endurance activity according to the text?

    <p>Increased mitochondrial concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pattern of energy expenditure change when comparing human bipedalism with mammalian quadruped locomotion at typical speeds?

    <p>Human bipedalism requires significantly less energy than mammalian quadrupeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a consequence of the adaptations for endurance activity that humans possess?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to overheating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation aligns with the selection to enhance efficiency for endurance activity according to the text?

    <p>Increased vascularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of human locomotion patterns may have been influenced by enhancing aspects of endurance?

    <p>Shifting towards bipedalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key differences in how modern humans engage in sedentary behavior compared to non-human great apes?

    <p>Modern humans spend more time sitting than non-human great apes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does energetically sitting with your back against a back rest compare to laying down in terms of energy requirement?

    <p>Sitting with back support requires 4% more energy than laying down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that human physiology is adapted for consistent muscle activity throughout the day?

    <p>Inactivity Mismatch Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do hunter-gatherer populations, subsistence farmers, and preindustrialized societies have in common regarding sitting?

    <p>They all spend about nine to ten hours sitting per day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of humans acquiring physiologic adaptations to enhance endurance?

    <p>Increased dependency on physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the energy expenditure of hunter-gatherer populations compare to non-human great apes while foraging for food?

    <p>Hunter-gatherer populations and non-human great apes exhibit similar levels of energy expenditure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the dominant modern perspective explain the critical period coinciding with the early origins of hunting and gathering?

    <p>By pointing to changes in pelvic anatomy reducing energetic needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation allowed humans to forage across larger areas and thrive in habitats with lesser food densities according to the text?

    <p>Fully upright bipedal locomotion patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do non-human great apes not develop obesity-related diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, or heart diseases despite low physical activity levels?

    <p>As they spend approximately ten hours sedentary or in very light activity like grooming or eating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do non-human great apes primarily spend their time according to the text?

    <p>Sleeping for about ten hours and engaging in sedentary or light activities like grooming and eating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification of physical activity level (PAL) would an individual fall under if they have a PAL of 1.75?

    <p>Moderately active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an individual has a PAL of 2.5, what classification of physical activity level do they belong to?

    <p>Extremely active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which range of PAL would classify someone as sedentary according to the World Health Organization?

    <p>1.4 - 1.69</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of physical activity level is someone classified under if they have a PAL of 2.1?

    <p>Vigorously active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual with a PAL greater than 3.0 would be classified as:

    <p>Extremely active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's main criticism of using examples like the Tarahumara, Sherpa, and Bajau to make assertions about early human physical capabilities?

    <p>They represent extreme situations rather than the norm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What poses a challenge when comparing the physical capabilities of select populations with those from industrialized societies?

    <p>Differences in population-level adaptations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation mentioned in the text has propagated across generations to enhance success within certain environmental niches?

    <p>Enlarged spleens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the myth surrounding the exceptional feats of some individuals does the text emphasize?

    <p>The reliance on anecdotal evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do enhanced aspects of endurance activity influence human locomotion patterns according to the text?

    <p>By reducing energy expenditure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key reason why using non-industrial peoples as examples can be misleading when making assertions about early human physical capabilities?

    <p>Their adaptations to harsh environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest about the energy expenditure of human bipedalism compared to mammalian quadruped locomotion patterns at maximum speed?

    <p>Human bipedalism requires less energy than mammalian quadruped locomotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological response to physical activity that combats excess energy storage?

    <p>Increased uptake of sugar and fat from the blood stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation contributes to human endurance activity, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased mitochondrial concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of long periods of inactivity according to the text?

    <p>Elevated levels of cytokines leading to chronic low-grade inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the stride length of humans contribute to their endurance activity?

    <p>Greater stride length enhances endurance activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution according to the text?

    <p>Transition to larger, agricultural settlements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary implication of human physiologic systems being energy efficient?

    <p>Adapted for minimal physical activity and efficiency when needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of human physiology aligns with enhancing efficiency for endurance activity according to the text?

    <p>Increased vascularization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does sedentary behavior have on inflammation levels?

    <p>Results in chronic low-grade inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why humans exhibit lower maximal speeds compared to other mammals?

    <p>Humans possess metabolic adaptations for endurance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant focus during the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?

    <p>Agricultural developments including animal and plant domestication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are human locomotion patterns biased according to the text?

    <p>Biased towards enhancing aspects of endurance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shift in human history is mentioned in the text as the period when some individuals began engaging in less physical activity?

    <p>Neolithic Agricultural Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ancient China and India, what was emphasized as a way of promoting longevity, avoiding dysfunction, and controlling the mind and emotions?

    <p>Movement practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical evidence serves as the earliest indication of what would later become sports medicine?

    <p>Ancient China and India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what time period was there a general awareness that being physically active was beneficial for health and wellbeing?

    <p>Fifteenth to seventeenth centuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical event marks a critical transition period where a mismatch started to occur between physiological attributes optimized for movement and the opportunity to avoid physical activity?

    <p>Neolithic Agricultural Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect of human history is associated with the beginning of the opportunity for some people to engage in less physical activity?

    <p>Neolithic Agricultural Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

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