Phylogeny and Binomial Nomenclature

• Phylogeny studies evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Binomial Nomenclature

• The baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus belong to the same genus.
• Scientists organize living things into groups with biological similarities.
• Visible similarities and differences account for traditional classifications.
• According to binomial nomenclature rules, the genus term is capitalized.
• A scientific name refers to a single species.
• Classification categories from general to specific: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
• A family is composed of similar genuses.
• Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus belong to the same genus.
• Homo sapiens is an example of binomial nomenclature.
• Common names can apply to more than one animal, not practical to biologists.
• Revised classification of the red panda resulted from DNA sequence comparisons.
• The characteristic of cells with nuclei applies to all four kingdoms of the Eukarya domain (Animalia, Protista, Fungi, Plantae).
• Aesculus, Magnolia, and Fraxinus belong to the same genus.
• Genetic evidence can suggest alternative organism relationships compared to physical characteristics.
• Animals in the class Mammalia have warm-bloodedness, body hair, and produce milk.
• The goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name.
• The system used to assign accepted names is binomial nomenclature
• Several different classes make up a phylum.
• Often regional differences exist in the scientific names for many animal species.
• The domain consisting of unicellular prokaryotes found in harsh conditions like hot springs and volcanoes is Archaea.
• The vertebrate column trait separates lancelets, lampreys, tuna, and salamanders.
• Based on the cladogram, lampreys are separated from tuna because they do not have jaws.

Cladograms

• Each node on a cladogram represents the last point at which two groups shared a common ancestor.
• A cladogram shows patterns of shared characteristics among species.
• All organisms use DNA to pass on information.

Evolutionary Classification

• An evolutionary classification clade includes an ancestor and all its descendants.
• Grouping organisms based on common descent is evolutionary classification.
• Based on the cladogram, the lancelet is the most dissimilar.
• Analyzing DNA can determine evolutionary relationships among dissimilar organisms.
• The derived character trait arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants.
• The current list of domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
• In evolutionary classification, species within one genus should be more closely related to one another than they are to species in other genera.
• True genetic evidence can suggest alternative relationships among organisms suggested by their physical characteristics.
• Amniotic egg separates the Tuna and salamander based on the cladogram.
• The amniotic egg trait makes the leopard least like lamprey, lancelet, and turtle.
• Four limbs separate the lizard from the trout on the cladogram.
• Wallaby is a mammal.