Round 2-SN Phylogenetics Study Guide

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Why is the fossil record considered biased and incomplete?

It only contains fossils of vertebrates
Fossils are often found in inaccessible locations
Soft tissue decomposes and is rarely preserved (correct)
The fossil record is too extensive to study comprehensively

What can molecular analysis reveal that differs from expectations based on morphological and fossil data?

Environmental pressures
Fossil records
Morphological features
Relationships (correct)

What is a way phylogenetic trees are used in conservation, as mentioned in the text?

To understand environmental pressures and combat poaching (correct)
To study animal behavior in their natural habitats
To analyze the geological impact on biodiversity
To monitor climate change effects on ecosystems

How are phylogenies crucial in the understanding of viruses, diseases, and cancer?

They can be used to study disease spread (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are homologies in evolutionary biology?

Structural similarities due to common ancestry (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is radiometric dating used to determine?

The absolute timing of speciation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of Carbon-14?

5,700 years (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the traditional classification system of living things separated into?

Five different kingdoms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is systematics?

The study of both taxonomy and phylogenetics (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are morphological traits used for in phylogenetics?

To classify organisms based on shared traits due to common ancestry (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do ancestral vs derived characters, synapomorphy, and outgroup comparison help identify in phylogenetic analysis?

Traits and evolutionary relationships (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an outgroup comparison in identifying traits in phylogenetic analysis?

To distinguish ancestral from derived characters (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains in the three-domain system of classification?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (C) Signup and view all the answers

When does convergent evolution occur?

When similar adaptations develop independently in unrelated organisms living in similar environments (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which isotopes are used to date items that are 10 million to 4.5 billion years old?

Potassium-40 and Uranium-238 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the inability of phylogenetics to account for rapid speciation events and evolutionary reversals an example of?

Limitation in capturing all aspects of evolutionary history (B) Signup and view all the answers

List the hierarchical classification system used in taxonomy (list each 7 of the classifications separated by commas).

• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species Signup and view all the answers

The rules for binomial nomenclature are relatively lenient in the scientific community.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers