Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a fundamental principle of a clade?
What is a fundamental principle of a clade?
Which of the following is NOT a clade?
Which of the following is NOT a clade?
What does topology refer to in the context of phylogenetic trees?
What does topology refer to in the context of phylogenetic trees?
What is a synapomorphy?
What is a synapomorphy?
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What is an advantage of using molecular characters in building phylogenetic trees?
What is an advantage of using molecular characters in building phylogenetic trees?
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Why are morphological characters sometimes used in tree building?
Why are morphological characters sometimes used in tree building?
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What is an example of a non-biological application of phylogenetic analysis?
What is an example of a non-biological application of phylogenetic analysis?
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What do the oldest known chess pieces date back to?
What do the oldest known chess pieces date back to?
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What is a necessary condition for a group of organisms to be considered a clade?
What is a necessary condition for a group of organisms to be considered a clade?
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What type of characters is typically used when building phylogenetic trees using morphological characters?
What type of characters is typically used when building phylogenetic trees using morphological characters?
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What is an advantage of using molecular characters in building phylogenetic trees?
What is an advantage of using molecular characters in building phylogenetic trees?
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What is the term used to describe the relationships depicted in a phylogenetic tree?
What is the term used to describe the relationships depicted in a phylogenetic tree?
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Which of the following is an example of a non-phylogenetic application of phylogenetic analysis?
Which of the following is an example of a non-phylogenetic application of phylogenetic analysis?
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What type of characters is typically used when building phylogenetic trees using DNA sequence data?
What type of characters is typically used when building phylogenetic trees using DNA sequence data?
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What is a synapomorphy in the context of phylogenetic analysis?
What is a synapomorphy in the context of phylogenetic analysis?
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What is a reason why morphological characters are sometimes used in tree building?
What is a reason why morphological characters are sometimes used in tree building?
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Study Notes
Clades and Phylogeny
- A clade is a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants.
- Examples of clades include chimps and bonobos, and humans, chimps, and bonobos together.
Phylogenetic Trees
- The topology of a tree refers to the relationships shown in the tree.
- A synapomorphy is a shared derived character.
- Clustering algorithms can be used to group similar species together.
Building Phylogenetic Trees
- Morphological characters can be used to build trees, especially in situations where DNA sequence data is not available (e.g., fossil species).
- Similarities in DNA/protein sequence can also be used to build trees.
- Using molecular data is advantageous as it provides thousands/millions of data points for the tree, and is becoming increasingly cost-effective.
Alternative Applications of Phylogenetics
- Phylogenetic trees can be built using non-biological data, such as the phylogeny of chess.
- Chess scholars were divided into 'out of India' and 'out of China' theories, but the oldest known chess pieces date back to 8th century Persia.
- The game of chess is believed to be much older, with variations in board size, piece numbers, roles, and names.
Clades and Phylogeny
- A clade is a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants.
- Examples of clades include chimps and bonobos, and humans, chimps, and bonobos together.
Phylogenetic Trees
- The topology of a tree refers to the relationships shown in the tree.
- A synapomorphy is a shared derived character.
- Clustering algorithms can be used to group similar species together.
Building Phylogenetic Trees
- Morphological characters can be used to build trees, especially in situations where DNA sequence data is not available (e.g., fossil species).
- Similarities in DNA/protein sequence can also be used to build trees.
- Using molecular data is advantageous as it provides thousands/millions of data points for the tree, and is becoming increasingly cost-effective.
Alternative Applications of Phylogenetics
- Phylogenetic trees can be built using non-biological data, such as the phylogeny of chess.
- Chess scholars were divided into 'out of India' and 'out of China' theories, but the oldest known chess pieces date back to 8th century Persia.
- The game of chess is believed to be much older, with variations in board size, piece numbers, roles, and names.
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Description
This quiz covers the concept of clades, topology, and synapomorphy in phylogenetic trees, including the use of morphological characters and clustering algorithms.
