Phylogenetic Tree Assessment Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What term describes the branch point in a phylogenetic tree where lineages diverge?

  • Basal taxon
  • Clade
  • Polytomy (correct)
  • Sister taxa

In phylogenetics, what does a clade consist of?

  • Species that are not closely related
  • Species that are unrelated to each other
  • Species that are distantly related
  • An ancestral species and all of its descendants (correct)

What type of taxa diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group?

  • Sister taxa
  • Polytomy taxa
  • Monophyletic taxa
  • Basal taxon (correct)

Which term describes groups that share an immediate common ancestor?

<p>Sister taxa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a monophyletic group (clade)?

<p>Contains species more closely related to each other than to any species outside the group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of phylogenetics?

<p>Studying the evolutionary history of a species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In systematics, what type of data is NOT used to infer evolutionary relationships?

<p>Ecological data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe characters that indicate shared ancestry in systematics?

<p>Homologies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carolus Linnaeus introduced a hierarchical system for grouping species. In this system, which of the following is NOT a taxonomic group from broad to narrow?

<p>Variety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist added the ranks of Domain, Phylum, and Family to the taxonomic classification system initially proposed by Carolus Linnaeus?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between homology and analogy in terms of similarity?

<p>Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry while analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does convergent evolution contribute to the concept of analogous adaptations?

<p>Convergent evolution results in similar adaptations due to similar environmental pressures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do phylogenetic trees help in understanding the relationships between organisms?

<p>Phylogenetic trees group organisms based on homologies inherited from a common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When making a phylogeny, what is the primary focus in identifying similarities among species?

<p>Identifying similarities due to shared ancestry. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the phylogenetic principle in classifying species?

<p>Using shared characters inherited from a common ancestor for classification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cladistics differ from phenetics in constructing phylogenetic trees?

<p>Cladistics groups organisms based on evolutionary relationships, phenetics groups based on physical characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram that represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, showing how they are related to each other.

Branch Point

A point on a phylogenetic tree where a lineage splits into two or more descendant lineages.

Sister Taxa

Two groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor.

Basal Taxon

A lineage that diverges early in the history of a group, near the root of the tree.

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Polytomy

A branch point on a phylogenetic tree where the evolutionary relationships are unresolved, meaning there are multiple lineages emerging from a single point.

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Clade

A group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

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Monophyletic

A group of organisms that contains all the descendants of a single common ancestor.

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Phylogenetics

The study of the evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

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Systematics

A field of biology that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships.

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Homology

Similarity between species due to shared ancestry.

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Analogy

Similarity between species due to convergent evolution, where similar environmental pressures lead to similar adaptations in organisms from different lineages.

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Convergent Evolution

The independent evolution of similar features in organisms that are not closely related, due to similar environmental pressures.

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Taxonomy

The science of naming, classifying, and grouping organisms.

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Phylogenetic Classification

Classifying species based on their evolutionary relationships, as shown on a phylogenetic tree.

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Phylogenetic Principle

Classifying species according to how recently they shared a common ancestor.

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Building Phylogenetic Trees

Creating a phylogenetic tree by grouping organisms based on homologies, shared features inherited from a common ancestor.

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Study Notes

Phylogenetic Trees

  • A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships, showing the relationships between different taxa.
  • A branch point in a phylogenetic tree represents where lineages diverge and is where the common ancestor of a group of taxa is located.

Key Concepts

  • Sister taxa are groups that share an immediate common ancestor.
  • A basal taxon diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group.
  • A polytomy is an unresolved pattern of divergence, where multiple branches emerge from a single point.

Cladograms

  • A clade is a group of organisms that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
  • A clade is monophyletic, meaning it contains species that are more closely related to each other than to any species outside of the group.

Phylogenetics

  • Phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
  • The discipline of systematics involves classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships using fossil, morphological, and genetic data.
  • Systematics involves the identification of characters that indicate shared ancestry, known as homologies.

Taxonomy

  • Carolus Linnaeus introduced a system for grouping species into increasingly broad categories, starting with two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae.
  • The taxonomic groups, from broad to narrow, are Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Phylogenetic Classification

  • Phylogenetic classification involves identifying characteristics that indicate shared ancestry and depicting relationships in the form of a phylogenetic tree.
  • The phylogenetic principle classifies species according to how recently they shared a common ancestor.

Homology and Analogy

  • Homology is the similarity between species due to shared ancestry.
  • Analogy is the similarity between species due to convergent evolution, where similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages.
  • Convergent evolution occurs when similar adaptations evolve independently in response to similar environmental pressures.

Building Phylogenetic Trees

  • Phylogenetic trees are built by grouping organisms based on homologies, which are shared characters inherited from a common ancestor.

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Test your knowledge on creating and interpreting phylogenetic trees, including understanding branch points, sister taxa, and basal taxa. Explore evolutionary relationships and how they are represented in a phylogenetic tree.

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