Phyla of Animals: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of the phylum Porifera?

Well-developed organ systems

No tissue organization (correct)

Pseudocoelomate body structure

Bilateral symmetry

What is a common feature of both phyla Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes?

Acoelomate body structure

Extracellular digestion

Tissues with three germ layers (correct)

Radial symmetry

Which of the following phyla is characterized by a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus?

Porifera

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda (correct)

Cnidaria

What is a characteristic of the phylum Mollusca?

All mollusks have a mantle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla is characterized by a body cavity?

Nematoda Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the phylum Cnidaria?

Radial symmetry Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla is characterized by a gastrovascular cavity with one opening?

Platyhelminthes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the phylum Nematoda?

Covered with a cuticle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla is characterized by filter feeding?

Porifera Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the phylum Annelida?

No information available Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the exoskeleton of arthropods?

Made of chitin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla is characterized by radial symmetry in adults?

Echinodermata Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the water vascular system in echinoderms?

Supports movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscle types is involuntary and found in the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between open and closed circulation systems?

The way blood is transported Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of deuterostomes?

Blastopore gives rise to an anus first Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the diaphragm in breathing?

Flattens and expands the chest cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood components lacks a nucleus?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Gas and nutrient exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla is characterized by the presence of a radula?

Molluska Signup and view all the answers

Which group of mollusks has a radula?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of arthropods?

Jointed appendages Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals has a dorsal hollow nerve cord?

Chordata Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tube feet in echinoderms?

Movement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is found in the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma in the blood?

Carrying dissolved materials Signup and view all the answers

Which type of breathing involves creating a negative pressure?

Negative pressure breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

Gas and nutrient exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals has a coelomate body?

Annelida Signup and view all the answers

Which blood component is involved in the immune system?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by the absence of tissue and symmetry?

Porifera Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by the presence of nematocysts?

Cnidaria Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by the presence of a mantle?

Mollusca Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by acoelomate body structure?

Platyhelminthes Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by the presence of a cuticle?

Nematoda Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by bilateral symmetry and a complete digestive tract?

Nematoda Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by filter feeding and asexual reproduction?

Porifera Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by the presence of a gastrovascular cavity with one opening?

Platyhelminthes Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by radial symmetry and two types of life forms?

Cnidaria Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is characterized by protostome development and well-developed organ systems?

Mollusca Signup and view all the answers

Mollusks have strong muscular ______ and a feeding structure called a radula

foot Signup and view all the answers

Annelida includes ______ and leeches

earthworms Signup and view all the answers

Arthropoda has jointed appendages and an ______ made out of chitin

exoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

Echinodermata has radial symmetry when they are fully grown and a ______ system

water vascular Signup and view all the answers

Chordata has a dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, ______ slits, and post-anal tail

pharyngeal Signup and view all the answers

The phylum Porifera is characterized by the absence of ______ and symmetry.

tissue Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissue includes simple squamous cells, ______ cells, and glandular epithelium cells

cuboidal Signup and view all the answers

Muscular tissue includes skeletal, cardiac, and ______ muscles

smooth Signup and view all the answers

Cnidaria have a type of stinging cell called ______.

nematocysts Signup and view all the answers

Platyhelminthes have a body structure that is ______.

acoelomate Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cells lack ______ and are made by bone marrow

nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Nematoda have a body covered with a ______.

cuticle Signup and view all the answers

The diaphragm is a sheetlike muscle that separates the ______ from the chest cavity

abdomen Signup and view all the answers

Negative pressure breathing involves expanding the lungs to create a ______ and pull air into the lungs

partial vacuum Signup and view all the answers

Mollusca have a specialized layer of epidermal cells that secretes a ______.

shell Signup and view all the answers

Cnidaria have two types of life forms, specifically ______ and polyp.

medusa Signup and view all the answers

Platyhelminthes have a cavity called the ______ cavity with one opening.

gastrovascular Signup and view all the answers

Nematoda have a ______ digestive tract with a mouth and anus.

complete Signup and view all the answers

Mollusca have a ______ that secretes a shell.

mantle Signup and view all the answers

Porifera are characterized by ______ feeding and asexual reproduction.

filter Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria

Porifera (sponges) are the simplest of the major animal phyla, characterized by no tissue, no symmetry, and asexual reproduction being common, and are filter feeders.
Cnidaria (sea jellies, coral, hydra, sea anemone) have tissues with two germ layers, radial symmetry, and asexual reproduction is common, and they have two types of life forms (medusa and polyp) and nematocysts to capture prey.

Phyla Platyhelminthes and Nematoda

Platyhelminthes (flatworms) are acoelomate (no internal cavity), have tissues with 3 germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and a gastrovascular cavity with one opening (used as both mouth and anus).
They have free-living and parasitic species with different evolutionary features.
Nematoda (roundworms) are pseudocoelomates (have a body cavity), have tissues with 3 germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and are covered with a cuticle.
They have a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus.

Phyla Mollusca and Annelida

Mollusca are coelomate, protostomes, and have well-developed organ systems.
All mollusks have a mantle (specialized layer of epidermal cells that secretes a shell) and a visceral mass.
Most mollusks have a strong muscular foot and a feeding structure called a radula.
Subgroups of Mollusca include Gastropod (snail, slug), Cephalopod (squid, octopus), and Bivalvia (clam, scallop).
Annelida (earthworms, leeches) are coelomate, protostomes, and have well-developed organ systems, and are segmented.

Phylum Arthropoda

Arthropoda are the most diverse and abundant animals, characterized by jointed appendages and an exoskeleton (made out of chitin).
Subgroups of Arthropoda include Crustacean (lobsters, crabs, shrimp), Chelicerata (spiders, ticks), Myriapods (centipedes, millipedes), and Insects (biggest group of arthropods, have 6 legs and 3 body parts).

Phyla Echinodermata and Chordata

Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) are deuterostomes (blastopore gives rise to an anus first), have radial symmetry when fully grown, and have tube feet and a water vascular system.
Chordata are deuterostomes, and have 4 common characteristics (a dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail).
Subgroups of Chordata include Shark (cartilaginous skeleton), Bony fish (swim bladder, lateral line), Amphibian (double life, need water for reproduction), Reptile (amniotic eggs, developed lung, dry skin with scales), Birds (strong flight muscles, hollow bone, endothermic, feathers), and Mammals (mammary glands, hair, endothermic).

Animal Tissues

Epithelial tissues include simple squamous cells (cheek cells), cuboidal cells (kidney), and glandular epithelium cells (liver).
Connective tissues include loose connective tissues, adipose cells, dense connective tissue (tendon and ligament), and blood (red blood cells and white blood cells).
Muscular tissues include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles (need to know the differences between these three muscle types in terms of their functions and appearance).
Nervous tissues were not observed in the lab.

Breathing

Negative pressure breathing occurs when humans inhale by expanding their lungs, creating a negative pressure that pulls air into the lungs.
The diaphragm is a sheetlike muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest cavity, and is used in breathing.
When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and expands the chest cavity, causing a negative pressure (partial vacuum), thereby pulling air into the lungs.

Circulation

Blood components include:
- Red blood cells: lack nuclei, made by bone marrow, transport gas
- White blood cells: have nuclei, made by bone marrow, involved in the immune system
- Platelet: cause blood clotting
- Plasma: liquid part of the blood tissue, carries dissolved materials
Blood vessels include:
- Artery: transport blood away from the heart
- Vein: transport blood to the heart
- Capillary: thin membrane, connects arteries and veins, gas and nutrient exchange occurs here
Difference between open vs. closed circulation system.

Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria

Porifera (sponges) are the simplest of the major animal phyla, lacking tissues and symmetry, and reproducing asexually.
They are filter feeders.
Cnidaria (sea jellies, coral, hydra, sea anemone) have tissues with two germ layers and radial symmetry.
Asexual reproduction is common in Cnidaria, and they have two types of life forms (medusa and polyp).
They have nematocyst to capture prey and undergo extracellular digestion.

Phyla Platyhelminthes and Nematoda

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) are acoelomate, with tissues having 3 germ layers and bilateral symmetry.
They have a gastrovascular cavity with one opening used as both mouth and anus.
Both free-living and parasitic species exist, with different evolutionary features.
Nematoda (roundworms) are pseudocoelomates, with tissues having 3 germ layers and bilateral symmetry.
They are covered with cuticle and have a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus.

Phyla Mollusca and Annelida

Mollusca are coelomate, protostomes with well-developed organ systems.
They have a mantle (specialized layer of epidermal cells that secretes a shell) and a visceral mass.
Most mollusks have a strong muscular foot and a feeding structure called a radula.
Subgroups of Mollusca include Gastropod (snail, slug), Cephalopod (squid, octopus), and Bivalvia (clam, scallop).
Annelida (earthworms, leeches) are coelomate, protostomes with well-developed organ systems and are segmented.

Phylum Arthropoda

Arthropoda are the most diverse and abundant animals, characterized by jointed appendages and an exoskeleton made out of chitin.
Subgroups of Arthropoda include Crustacean (lobsters, crabs, shrimp), Chelicerata (spiders, ticks), Myriapods (centipedes, millipedes), and Insects (biggest group of arthropods, with 6 legs and 3 body parts).

Phyla Echinodermata and Chordata

Echinodermata (Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) are deuterostomes, with radial symmetry when fully grown.
They have tube feet and a water vascular system.
Chordata are deuterostomes, characterized by 4 common characteristics: a dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
Subgroups of Chordata include Shark (cartilaginous skeleton), Bony fish (swim bladder, lateral line), Amphibian (double life, need water for reproduction), Reptile (amniotic eggs, developed lung, dry skin with scales), Birds (strong flight muscles, hollow bone, endothermic, feathers), and Mammals (mammary glands, hair, endothermic).

Animal Tissues

Epithelial tissues consist of simple squamous cells (cheek cells), cuboidal cells (kidney), and glandular epithelium cells (liver).
Connective tissues include loose connective tissues, adipose cells, dense connective tissue (tendon and ligament), and blood (red blood cells and white blood cells).
Muscular tissues include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, which differ in terms of their functions and appearance.

Breathing

Negative pressure breathing occurs when humans inhale by expanding their lungs, creating a negative pressure that pulls air into the lungs.
The diaphragm is a sheetlike muscle separating the abdomen from the chest cavity, used in breathing.
When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and expands the chest cavity, causing a negative pressure that pulls air into the lungs.

Circulation

Blood components include red blood cells (lack nuclei, transport gas), white blood cells (have nuclei, involved in the immune system), platelet (cause blood clotting), and plasma (liquid part of the blood tissue, carries dissolved materials).
Blood vessels include arteries (transport blood away from the heart), veins (transport blood to the heart), and capillaries (thin membrane, connects arteries and veins, gas and nutrient exchange occurs here).
There is a difference between open and closed circulation systems.

Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria

Porifera (sponges) lack tissue and symmetry and have asexual reproduction, and are filter feeders.
Cnidaria (sea jellies, coral, hydra, sea anemone) have tissues with two germ layers, radial symmetry, and asexual reproduction, with two types of life forms (medusa and polyp).
Cnidaria have nematocysts to capture prey and use extracellular digestion.

Phyla Platyhelminthes and Nematoda

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) are acoelomate, have tissues with 3 germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and a gastrovascular cavity with one opening (used as both mouth and anus).
They have free-living and parasitic species with different evolutionary features.
Nematoda (roundworms) are pseudocoelomates, have tissues with 3 germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and are covered with cuticle.
They have a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus.

Phyla Mollusca and Annelida

Mollusca are coelomate, protostomes, and have well-developed organ systems.
All mollusks have a mantle (specialized layer of epidermal cells that secretes a shell) and visceral mass.
Most mollusks have a strong muscular foot and a feeding structure called a radula.
Subgroups of Mollusca include Gastropod (snail, slug), Cephalopod (squid, octopus), and Bivalvia (clam, scallop).
Annelida (earthworms, leeches) are coelomate, protostomes, and have well-developed organ systems and are segmented.

Phylum Arthropoda

Arthropoda are the most diverse and abundant animals, with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton (made out of chitin).
Subgroups of Arthropoda include Crustacean (lobsters, crabs, shrimp), Chelicerata (spiders, ticks), Myriapods (centipedes, millipedes), and Insects (biggest group of arthropods, have 6 legs and 3 body parts).

Phyla Echinodermata and Chordata

Echinodermata (Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) are deuterostomes, have radial symmetry when fully grown, and have tube feet and a water vascular system.
Chordata are deuterostomes and have 4 common characteristics: a dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
Subgroups of Chordata include Shark (cartilaginous skeleton), Bony fish (swim bladder, lateral line), Amphibian (double life, need water for reproduction), Reptile (amniotic eggs, developed lung, dry skin with scales), Birds (strong flight muscles, hollow bone, endothermic, feathers), and Mammals (mammary glands, hair, endothermic).

Animal Tissues

Epithelial tissues include simple squamous cells (cheek cells), cuboidal cells (kidney), and glandular epithelium cells (liver).
Connective tissues include loose connective tissues, adipose cells, dense connective tissue (tendon and ligament), and blood (red blood cells and white blood cells).
Muscular tissues include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles (differing in function and appearance).
Nervous tissues were not observed in the lab.

Breathing

Negative pressure breathing occurs when humans inhale by expanding their lungs, creating a negative pressure and pulling air into the lungs.
The diaphragm is a sheetlike muscle separating the abdomen from the chest cavity, used in breathing.
When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and expands the chest cavity, causing negative pressure, and pulls air into the lungs.

Circulation

Blood components include:
- Red blood cells: lack nuclei, made by bone marrow, transport gas
- White blood cells: have nuclei, made by bone marrow, involved in the immune system
- Platelet: cause blood clotting
- Plasma: liquid part of the blood tissue, carries dissolved materials
Blood vessels include:
- Artery: transport blood away from the heart
- Vein: transport blood to the heart
- Capillary: thin membrane, connects arteries and veins, gas and nutrient exchange occurs here
Open vs. closed circulation systems differ in their circulatory pathways.

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Description

Learn about the characteristics of four animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda. Understand their unique features, body structure, and reproductive methods.