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Questions and Answers
What occurs when a cell becomes flaccid?
What occurs when a cell becomes flaccid?
Which of the following defines Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD)?
Which of the following defines Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD)?
What is the relationship between osmotic pressure and turgor pressure in a typical cell?
What is the relationship between osmotic pressure and turgor pressure in a typical cell?
During plasmolysis, how is the value of turgor pressure affected?
During plasmolysis, how is the value of turgor pressure affected?
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What characterizes the DPD of a free solution?
What characterizes the DPD of a free solution?
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What is the primary factor that causes water molecules to diffuse into a solution?
What is the primary factor that causes water molecules to diffuse into a solution?
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What is the water potential of pure water at atmospheric pressure?
What is the water potential of pure water at atmospheric pressure?
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Under what condition is turgor pressure applicable?
Under what condition is turgor pressure applicable?
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How is osmotic pressure defined in the context of solutions?
How is osmotic pressure defined in the context of solutions?
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What is the relationship between osmotic potential and the interaction between solvent and solute?
What is the relationship between osmotic potential and the interaction between solvent and solute?
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What is the equivalent of wall pressure in cellular systems?
What is the equivalent of wall pressure in cellular systems?
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What happens to the water potential of a solution as the pressure within an osmometer increases?
What happens to the water potential of a solution as the pressure within an osmometer increases?
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What effect does a hypertonic solution have on a plant cell?
What effect does a hypertonic solution have on a plant cell?
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What factor most influences the diffusion rate of particles at a constant temperature?
What factor most influences the diffusion rate of particles at a constant temperature?
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Which type of membrane is designed to allow some solutes to pass through while preventing others?
Which type of membrane is designed to allow some solutes to pass through while preventing others?
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Which particle is likely to diffuse more rapidly according to its mass?
Which particle is likely to diffuse more rapidly according to its mass?
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What describes a membrane that does not allow any substances to pass through?
What describes a membrane that does not allow any substances to pass through?
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In the context of membrane function, what role do membranes primarily serve?
In the context of membrane function, what role do membranes primarily serve?
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Which type of membrane would allow solvent molecules but block solute molecules?
Which type of membrane would allow solvent molecules but block solute molecules?
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What is the primary characteristic of a permeable membrane?
What is the primary characteristic of a permeable membrane?
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How does the weight of a particle affect its diffusion rate?
How does the weight of a particle affect its diffusion rate?
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What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
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Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration in plant cells?
Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration in plant cells?
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Which part of protoplasm is described as a living component of plant cells?
Which part of protoplasm is described as a living component of plant cells?
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What does the Golgi body primarily facilitate?
What does the Golgi body primarily facilitate?
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In mature plant cells, how do vacuoles differ from those in young cells?
In mature plant cells, how do vacuoles differ from those in young cells?
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According to the colloidal theory, how is protoplasm characterized?
According to the colloidal theory, how is protoplasm characterized?
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What is the primary effect of surface tension on liquid surfaces?
What is the primary effect of surface tension on liquid surfaces?
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What is NOT a part of the protoplasm?
What is NOT a part of the protoplasm?
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Which property is primarily responsible for the upward movement of water in a capillary tube?
Which property is primarily responsible for the upward movement of water in a capillary tube?
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What does water potential measure?
What does water potential measure?
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Which statement best describes the Alveolar Foam Theory?
Which statement best describes the Alveolar Foam Theory?
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What is the role of hydrogen bonding in water regarding cohesion?
What is the role of hydrogen bonding in water regarding cohesion?
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How is chemical potential of water defined?
How is chemical potential of water defined?
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What defines water potential in plants?
What defines water potential in plants?
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In terms of capillarity, why does a smaller tube result in higher capillary rise?
In terms of capillarity, why does a smaller tube result in higher capillary rise?
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What drives the processes necessary for plant growth and maintenance?
What drives the processes necessary for plant growth and maintenance?
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What is the primary component of protoplasm by percentage?
What is the primary component of protoplasm by percentage?
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Which of the following substances is the main organic component of protoplasm?
Which of the following substances is the main organic component of protoplasm?
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What defines the process of diffusion?
What defines the process of diffusion?
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Which situation best illustrates the concept of entropy in diffusion?
Which situation best illustrates the concept of entropy in diffusion?
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Which of the following substances is NOT typically found in protoplasm?
Which of the following substances is NOT typically found in protoplasm?
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Why is protoplasm often described as the 'Physical and Chemical Basis of Life'?
Why is protoplasm often described as the 'Physical and Chemical Basis of Life'?
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How does the movement of potassium permanganate ions in water exemplify diffusion?
How does the movement of potassium permanganate ions in water exemplify diffusion?
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What happens to the entropy level as diffusion leads to equilibrium?
What happens to the entropy level as diffusion leads to equilibrium?
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Study Notes
Botany (Plant Physiology)
- Course: 1st Level
- Instructor: Dr. Awatef Saad
Introduction
- Plant physiology is a core component of botany.
- Plants, being immobile, face diverse and ever-changing environmental challenges.
- Physiological adaptations are as crucial to plant survival as their morphological features.
- Plant physiology explores the functions of living organisms, from molecules to entire organisms.
- The intimate relationship between structure and function is a central concept.
- Life's essence lies in biochemical reactions controlled by enzymes within the protoplasm.
- Protoplasm's components are typically in water solutions and associate with water molecules.
- Colloidal state is a key feature of protoplasm.
Water and Cell
- Water is indispensable for plant life.
- Plant cells contain a large water-filled vacuole, with cytoplasm comprising a small portion.
- Growing plant tissues are primarily composed of water.
- Water's properties include being an excellent solvent, directly participating in cellular reactions, and forming the medium for intracellular molecule movement.
- Plants continuously absorb and lose water, with transpiration being a significant water loss.
- Water uptake is crucial for mineral absorption.
- Understanding water uptake and loss is important for agricultural productivity and ecosystem dynamics.
Water Potential
- Water potential represents the free energy status of water.
- Water moves from high to low water potential.
- Major factors influencing water potential in plants include concentration, pressure, and gravity.
- Factors that impact water potential include solute concentration (osmotic potential), pressure potential (turgor pressure), and gravity potential.
- Pure water at ambient pressure and temperature has a water potential of zero, whereas solutions have lower values.
- Dissolved solutes negatively impact water potential.
- Pressure (turgor pressure) can increase water potential.
Permeability
- Permeability determines how readily materials pass through membranes.
- Membranes can be permeable, impermeable, semi-permeable, or selectively permeable.
- Selective permeability is crucial for regulating substance movement into and out of cells.
- Factors affecting membrane permeability include temperature, light, alkalinity, acidity, and anaesthetics.
Diffusion
- Diffusion is the net movement of a substance from regions of high concentration to low concentration.
- Relevant factors include temperature (increased temperature increases diffusion rate), pressure (higher pressure gradients force higher diffusion rates), presence of solutes (lowering water potential encourages diffusion).
Size and Mass of Diffusing Particles
- Smaller particles diffuse faster than larger particles.
- Heavier particles diffuse more slowly compared to lighter ones.
Osmosis
- Osmosis is the specific diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- It's driven by differences in water potential.
- An osmometer is a device demonstrating and studying osmosis.
- Key terms include osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, and wall pressure.
- Plant cell type responses differ based on relative water potential concentrations inside and outside the cells.
Plasmolysis
- Plasmolysis is the process where plant cells lose water to a hypertonic solution, leading to shrinking of the protoplasm.
- The protoplasm detaches from the cell wall.
- Reversal of plasmolysis (deplasmolysis) is possible when placed in an hypotonic solution.
Metabolism
- Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions within a plant.
- It involves two main processes: anabolism and catabolism.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed.
- Enzymes are highly specific and function within specific conditions of temperature and pH.
- Enzyme activity can be affected by factors like temperature, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors.
- Enzyme inhibitors either block the active site or change the enzyme's shape.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
- Key stages include light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
- Chlorophyll is the key pigment in this process, absorbing light energy.
- The process releases oxygen.
Respiration
- Respiration is the release of chemical energy through the oxidation of organic compounds.
- It occurs in two major types including anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
- Both processes produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell.
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