PHP and Client-Side Development Quiz

Binary Numbers

• Binary is a system of representing information using only two options: on (1) and off (0).
• Computers use binary to process and store data.
• Combining many 1s and 0s creates complex patterns that instruct the computer.
• Computers don't understand words or numbers, instead they process electrical signals that are either on or off.

Computer Language

• Computers represent information with binary electrical signals.
• These signals translate into understandable patterns for the computer.

Number to Binary Conversion

• Converting decimal numbers to binary involves expressing the decimal numbers using base-2, where each digit in a binary number reflects a power of 2.
• A numerical example converts the decimal number 8 to binary 1000.

Binary to Decimal Conversion

• Converting binary numbers back to decimal involves expressing the binary number as a sum of powers of 2.
• For instance, binary 11 (decimal 3) translates to 12¹+12⁰=3.

Computing Binary Numbers

• Binary numbers are used in computing to represent various data types, from simple numbers and characters to more complex instructions.
• The place value of each binary digit (bit) corresponds to a power of 2 (2⁰, 2¹, 2², and so on).
• To express a decimal in binary, successive divisions by 2 are performed and concatenated to produce the required binary result.

Week 2 - Introduction to PHP Coding

Client-Side vs. Server-Side

• Client-side (front-end): what happens in the browser, includes layout design and website interactivity. Usually uses HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
• Server-side (back-end): what happens behind the scenes, includes managing databases, user authentication, and server-side logic (uses Python, PHP, Ruby, Node.js).

Client-Server Interaction

• Typing a URL in the browser initiates a request to the server.
• The server processes the request and sends the needed data (HTML, CSS, and JavaScript).
• The browser then receives the files and displays the web page.
• Client-side responsibilities include handling the user interface and interactivity.
• Server-side responsibilities include data processing and storage, like order processing.

Types of PHP Comments

• Single-line comments: use // or #
• Multi-line comments: use /* */

PHP Variable Declaration Rules

• PHP variables start with $, followed by a name (e.g., $variableName).
• Variable names are case-sensitive ($Age and $age are different).
• Variable names start with a letter or an underscore, not a number.

Assigning Values to Variables

• Assignment operator: =
• Example: $variableName = value;

PHP Datatypes

• Integer: whole numbers (e.g., $intVar = 42)
• Float: decimal numbers (e.g., $floatVar = 3.14)
• Boolean: true or false (e.g., $boolVar = true)
• String: sequences of characters (e.g., $stringVar = "Hello, World!")
• Array: collection of indexed values (e.g., $arrayVar = array(1, 2, 3))
• Null: represents the absence of a value (e.g., $nullVar = null)

PHP Math Functions and Coding Example

• PHP supports basic mathematical functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus).
• Examples demonstrated conversion of decimals to binary and binary to decimals.
• An example shows finding maximum values in an array.
• Random number generation between 1 and 100.

Week 3 - Conditional Statements and Loops

• Conditional statements: execute code based on conditions like if-then-else.
• Examples of conditional statements in PHP, used to check whether a number is positive, negative or zero.

Week 3 - Conditional Statements and Loops. Exercise 1

• Check if a number is positive, negative or zero in PHP, using if-elseif-else.
• Use appropriate PHP operators.

Week 3 - Conditional Statements and Loops. Exercise 2

• Check if a person is eligible to vote based on age (minimum 18).
• Use if-else structure.

Week 3 - Conditional Statements and Loops. Exercise 3

• Check if a customer is eligible for a discount based on the total purchase amount.
• Use if-else statements if above 100.

Week 3 - Conditional Statements and Loops. Exercise 4

• Determine if a student should be on probation based on their GPA.
• Use if-elseif-else structure: one condition for GPA >3, another if GPA >2.25, and a default for anything else

Week 4 - PHP Functions and Databases

• Understand what a PHP function is: a reusable code block that handles inputs and produce an output.
• Different types of PHP functions: built-in (predefined) and user-defined (created by developers).

Week 4 - PHP Functions and Databases (Example Syntax)

• Illustrate creation of PHP functions with basic syntax.
• Show examples of functions that take parameters.
• Show examples of PHP functions with default values.
• Show an example of PHP functions with multiple parameters, including defaults.

Week 5 - Normalization

• Database Normalization: a process for organizing a database in tables, aiming to reduce redundancy (duplicate data) and improve accuracy.
• Why Normalize: Avoids data duplication, ensures data accuracy, saves storage space, and improves query performance.
• Normalization Steps: Examples of First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), and Third Normal Form (3NF) for organizing various data related to students, courses and their enrollments.

Week 6 & 7 - MySQL

• Database setup
• Steps for creating, inserting and using data using various commands.
• Table creation using various constraints like Primary key, Foreign key, not null etc.
• Basic CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations in MySQL using SQL commands.

Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data in MySQL

• Inserting data: the INSERT statement allows addition of new rows to a database table (with column values).
• Updating data: the UPDATE statement alters existing data in a table based on specified conditions.
• Deleting data: the DELETE statement removes rows from a table based on specified conditions. Example provided for each of these operations

While, Do-while, For, and Foreach Loops

• While Loop: repeats code as long as a specified condition is true
• Do-While Loop: repeats code at least once, then continues while a condition is true.
• For Loop: used for a determined number of iterations.
• Foreach Loop: loops over elements in an array or object
• Detailed explanation and examples used for each.

MySQL Constraints

• Constraints: rules in MySQL that maintain data integrity.
• Unique Constraint: prevents duplicate values in a column if unique.
• Not Null Constraint: ensures a column cannot have a missing value.
• Primary Key: uniquely identifies each row(must be unique).
• Foreign Key: links data between two tables.
• Default Value: sets a default value for a column if no value is provided when entering data.
• Auto Increment: automatically generates unique numbers for a column (useful for primary keys).