8 Questions
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in photosynthesis?
To convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
What are the byproducts of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen.
What is the role of pigments in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
To absorb light energy.
What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
To convert CO2 into organic compounds.
What is the main function of a plant's root system?
To anchor the plant in soil and absorb water and minerals.
What is the difference between taproots and fibrous roots?
Taproots are single main roots, while fibrous roots are many small roots that branch out.
What is the function of the epidermis in root structure?
To facilitate water and ion uptake.
What is the role of vascular tissue in root structure?
To transport water, minerals, and nutrients.
Study Notes
Photosynthesis
Overview
- Process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy
- Occurs in specialized organelles called chloroplasts
- Produces glucose and oxygen as byproducts
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Light absorption by pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids) in thylakoid membranes
- Energy from light is used to generate ATP and NADPH
- Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen ions
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Carbon fixation: CO2 is converted into organic compounds using ATP and NADPH
- Regeneration of RuBP, a 5-carbon molecule, for continuous CO2 fixation
Root Systems
Functions
- Anchor the plant in soil
- Absorb water and minerals from soil
- Store nutrients and water
- Produce hormones that regulate plant growth and development
Types of Roots
- Taproot: Single main root that grows straight down (e.g., carrots, beets)
- Fibrous roots: Many small roots that branch out in all directions (e.g., grasses, corn)
- Adventitious roots: Roots that grow from stems or leaves (e.g., ivy, cacti)
Root Structure
- Epidermis: Outermost layer, responsible for water and ion uptake
- Cortex: Middle layer, provides mechanical support and storage
- Vascular tissue: Innermost layer, responsible for transporting water, minerals, and nutrients
Photosynthesis
- Process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy
- Occurs in specialized organelles called chloroplasts
- Produces glucose and oxygen as byproducts
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Light absorption by pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids) in thylakoid membranes
- Energy from light is used to generate ATP and NADPH
- Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen ions
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Carbon fixation: CO2 is converted into organic compounds using ATP and NADPH
- Regeneration of RuBP, a 5-carbon molecule, for continuous CO2 fixation
Root Systems
- Anchor the plant in soil
- Absorb water and minerals from soil
- Store nutrients and water
- Produce hormones that regulate plant growth and development
Types of Roots
- Taproot: Single main root that grows straight down (e.g., carrots, beets)
- Fibrous roots: Many small roots that branch out in all directions (e.g., grasses, corn)
- Adventitious roots: Roots that grow from stems or leaves (e.g., ivy, cacti)
Root Structure
- Epidermis: Outermost layer, responsible for water and ion uptake
- Cortex: Middle layer, provides mechanical support and storage
- Vascular tissue: Innermost layer, responsible for transporting water, minerals, and nutrients
Explore the process of photosynthesis, where plants and some organisms convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen.
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