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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a byproduct of photosynthesis?
Which of the following is NOT a byproduct of photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in light-dependent reactions?
What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in light-dependent reactions?
Which of the following is the enzyme responsible for fixing CO₂ into a 3-carbon molecule in the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following is the enzyme responsible for fixing CO₂ into a 3-carbon molecule in the Calvin cycle?
What is the purpose of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?
What is the purpose of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?
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What is the optimal temperature range for photosynthesis in most species?
What is the optimal temperature range for photosynthesis in most species?
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What is the primary reactant in the overall equation of photosynthesis?
What is the primary reactant in the overall equation of photosynthesis?
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What is the product of the reduction reaction in the Calvin cycle?
What is the product of the reduction reaction in the Calvin cycle?
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What is the location of light-independent reactions in chloroplasts?
What is the location of light-independent reactions in chloroplasts?
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What is the primary function of assimilation in the process of nutrition?
What is the primary function of assimilation in the process of nutrition?
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Which type of nutrition involves the breakdown and absorption of dead organic matter?
Which type of nutrition involves the breakdown and absorption of dead organic matter?
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What is the primary function of proteins in nutrition?
What is the primary function of proteins in nutrition?
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Which of the following is an example of symbiotic nutrition?
Which of the following is an example of symbiotic nutrition?
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What is the term for a condition resulting from inadequate or unbalanced nutrient intake?
What is the term for a condition resulting from inadequate or unbalanced nutrient intake?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of heterotrophic nutrition?
Which of the following is NOT a type of heterotrophic nutrition?
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What is the process of taking in nutrients through the cell membrane?
What is the process of taking in nutrients through the cell membrane?
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Which of the following is a essential nutrient that regulates various metabolic processes?
Which of the following is a essential nutrient that regulates various metabolic processes?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis
Definition: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose.
Overall Equation: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + 6 O₂
Importance: Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth, as it:
- Provides energy and organic compounds for plants to grow and develop
- Produces oxygen as a byproduct, which is necessary for respiration in most living organisms
- Supports the food chain, as herbivores feed on plants and carnivores feed on herbivores
Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
- Light energy is absorbed by pigments such as chlorophyll and converted into ATP and NADPH
- Electron transport chain generates a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of ATP
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts
- Carbon fixation: CO₂ is fixed into a 3-carbon molecule called 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) via the enzyme RuBisCO
- Reduction: 3-PGA is reduced to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions
- Regeneration: G3P is used to regenerate RuBP, the 5-carbon molecule that starts the Calvin cycle
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:
- Light intensity: increased light intensity can increase photosynthetic rate
- Temperature: optimal temperature for photosynthesis varies among species, but generally between 20-30°C
- Water: adequate water supply is necessary for photosynthesis
- CO₂: increased CO₂ concentration can increase photosynthetic rate
Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments:
- Chlorophyll a: absorbs light energy and plays a central role in photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll b and other accessory pigments: absorb light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll a
Photosynthesis
- Definition: process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds like glucose.
Importance
- Essential for life on Earth
- Provides energy and organic compounds for plant growth and development
- Produces oxygen necessary for respiration in most living organisms
- Supports the food chain
Overall Equation
- 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + 6 O₂
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Occur in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
- Light energy is absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll and converted into ATP and NADPH
- Electron transport chain generates a proton gradient, driving ATP synthesis
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Occur in stroma of chloroplasts
- Carbon fixation: CO₂ is fixed into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) via RuBisCO
- Reduction: 3-PGA is reduced to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) using ATP and NADPH
- Regeneration: G3P is used to regenerate RuBP, the 5-carbon molecule that starts the Calvin cycle
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Light intensity: increased light intensity can increase photosynthetic rate
- Temperature: optimal temperature varies among species, but generally between 20-30°C
- Water: adequate water supply is necessary for photosynthesis
- CO₂: increased CO₂ concentration can increase photosynthetic rate
Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments
- Chlorophyll a: absorbs light energy and plays a central role in photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll b and other accessory pigments: absorb light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll a
Nutrition
- Nutrition is the process by which an organism takes in and utilizes nutrients for energy, growth, and maintenance.
Types of Nutrition
- Autotrophic nutrition: organisms produce their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants and algae.
- Heterotrophic nutrition: organisms obtain food by consuming other organisms or organic matter, such as animals and fungi.
Modes of Nutrition
- Holozoic nutrition: organisms ingest solid food particles, such as animals.
- Saprotrophic nutrition: organisms obtain food by breaking down and absorbing dead organic matter, such as fungi.
- Symbiotic nutrition: organisms live in close association with other organisms and obtain food through mutual benefit, such as coral and zooxanthellae.
Nutrient Uptake
- Ingestion: the process of taking in food through the mouth or other openings.
- Digestion: the breakdown of complex food molecules into simpler nutrients.
- Absorption: the process of taking in nutrients through the cell membrane.
- Assimilation: the process of converting absorbed nutrients into energy or building blocks for growth and maintenance.
Nutrient Requirements
- Carbohydrates: provide energy and building blocks for growth and maintenance.
- Proteins: provide building blocks for growth and maintenance, and regulate metabolic processes.
- Fats: provide energy and building blocks for growth and maintenance.
- Vitamins: essential nutrients that regulate various metabolic processes.
- Minerals: essential nutrients that regulate various metabolic processes and provide structural support.
Nutrient Deficiencies
- Malnutrition: a condition resulting from inadequate or unbalanced nutrient intake.
- Deficiency diseases: conditions resulting from a lack of specific nutrients, such as scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) and rickets (vitamin D deficiency).
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Description
Understand the process of photosynthesis, its overall equation, and importance for life on Earth. Learn how plants convert light energy into chemical energy and produce oxygen as a byproduct.
