Photosynthesis - Part 1

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Questions and Answers

Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)

  • Photosystem II is responsible for ATP production only. (correct)
  • Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs other colours. (correct)
  • Photosystem I is responsible for both ATP and NADPH production.
  • Chlorophyll a is the main pigment found in all plants and algae. (correct)

In which part of the chloroplast does the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis take place?

  • Thylakoid membrane (correct)
  • Grana
  • Chloroplast envelope
  • Stroma

The conversion of sunlight energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) is the ______ stage of photosynthesis.

light-dependent

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

<p>Stroma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme that converts CO2 into sugar in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>Rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the light-dependent reaction, the electron transport chain drives the movement of protons (H+) from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into four molecules of pyruvate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT produced during the Kreb's cycle?

<p>Glucose (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the molecule that carries electrons from the Kreb's cycle to the electron transport chain?

<p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the electron transport chain operate?

<p>Mitochondrial membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During oxidative phosphorylation, the energy released from electrons is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fermentation only occurs in the absence of oxygen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of alcohol fermentation?

<p>Ethanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'auto' mean in the term 'autotroph'?

<p>Self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'trophe' mean in the term 'autotroph'?

<p>Feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'hetero' mean in the term 'heterotroph'?

<p>Other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'phyll' mean in the term 'chlorophyll'?

<p>Pigment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'plast' mean in the term 'chloroplast'?

<p>Container</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'meso' mean in the term 'mesophyll'?

<p>Middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the light reaction of photosynthesis?

<p>To make ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis use to make sugars?

<p>ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key number in the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is photolysis?

<p>The splitting of water with light</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the light reaction and the Calvin cycle?

<p>The light reaction uses light energy to create ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to make sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?

<p>It picks up 2 negative electrons and becomes NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?

<p>It phosphorylates ADP using the free energy from the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between absorbed light and reflected light?

<p>Absorbed light is usable energy, while reflected light is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two photosystems are involved in the light reaction of photosynthesis?

<p>Photosystem I (P700) and Photosystem II (P680)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

<p>It carries excited electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, releasing energy along the way to power proton pumps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP synthase complex?

<p>A group of enzymes that helps make ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Rubisco in the Calvin cycle?

<p>It converts RuBP into G3P molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of G3P in the Calvin cycle?

<p>It is a 3-carbon sugar that is used to make glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source for cellular respiration?

<p>Organic molecules, mainly glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does cellular respiration occur in the presence of oxygen?

<p>In the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main steps in cellular respiration?

<p>Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pyruvate in cellular respiration?

<p>It is converted into acetyl Coenzyme A, which enters the Krebs cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?

<p>It produces electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

<p>It uses electron carriers to generate ATP by pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol as a byproduct, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are facultative anaerobes?

<p>Organisms that can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of the Krebs cycle?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is a process that releases energy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration requires oxygen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fermentation is a more efficient way to produce ATP than cellular respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Calvin cycle is light-dependent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The light reaction of photosynthesis is responsible for making ATP and NADPH.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rubisco is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 into sugar.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electron transport chain is a process that occurs in the cytoplasm.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is a process that occurs in both plants and animals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration produces both free energy and heat.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Calvin cycle is responsible for breaking down sugar molecules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ATP is a high-energy molecule that is used to power cellular processes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electron transport chain is responsible for generating the largest amount of ATP during cellular respiration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facultative anaerobes can only survive in the presence of oxygen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autotroph

An organism that produces its own food.

Heterotroph

An organism that consumes other organisms for food.

Chlorophyll

A light-absorbing pigment found in chloroplasts.

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells.

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Thylakoid

Disc-shaped structures within the chloroplast, site of light-dependent reactions.

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Grana

Stacks of thylakoids in the chloroplast.

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Stroma

Fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids in the chloroplast.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugar.

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Light-dependent reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).

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Calvin cycle

The second stage of photosynthesis, using ATP and NADPH to synthesize sugar from carbon dioxide.

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Sunlight

The source of light energy used in photosynthesis.

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Photosystem I

A group of pigments involved in making ATP and NADPH.

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Photosystem II

A group of pigments involved in making only ATP

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, a usable form of chemical energy.

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NADPH

Reduced form of NADP+, used as a carrier for high energy electrons.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of releasing energy from organic molecules (like glucose) to make ATP.

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Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, breaking down glucose into pyruvate.

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Kreb's Cycle

The second stage of cellular respiration, producing electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).

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Electron Transport Chain

The third stage of cellular respiration, using electron carriers to make ATP.

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Mesophyll Layer

The middle layer of plant leaves where most chlorophyll is found.

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Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat

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Light Reaction

The first stage of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).

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Photolysis

The splitting of water molecules using light energy, releasing oxygen.

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ADP Phosphorylation

The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP, creating ATP.

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Sunlight Spectrum

The range of wavelengths of light that make up sunlight (from red to violet).

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Photosystem I (P700)

A photosystem responsible for producing ATP and NADPH.

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Photosystem II (P680)

A photosystem responsible for producing only ATP.

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Electron Transport Chain in Photosynthesis

A series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane that transfer electrons to power ATP production.

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Proton Pump

A protein that uses energy from excited electrons to move H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane.

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ATP Synthase

An enzyme complex in the thylakoid membrane that uses the energy from H+ ions to produce ATP.

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Energy Coupling

Two processes working together to create ATP.

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Chemiosmosis

The movement of H+ ions across a membrane to generate ATP.

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Carbon Fixation

The process of converting CO2 into organic molecules (sugar).

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Rubisco

An enzyme in the Calvin cycle that catalyzes the fixation of CO2.

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Electron Transport Chain in Cellular Respiration

The third stage of cellular respiration, using electron carriers to power ATP production.

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Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen to produce ATP.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that does not require oxygen, such as fermentation.

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Fermentation

Anaerobic process that regenerates electron carriers (NAD+) to keep glycolysis going, producing small amounts of ATP.

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Facultative Anaerobe

Organisms that can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, but prefer oxygen.

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Study Notes

Photosynthesis - Part 1

  • Autotrophs produce their own food ("auto" = self, "trophe" = feeding)
  • Heterotrophs consume other organisms (living or dead) ("hetero" = other)
  • Chlorophyll is a light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts (mainly in the mesophyll layer of plant leaves)
  • Chlorophyll reflects green light, thus making plants appear green
  • Chloroplasts contain thylakoids (little green discs)
  • Thylakoids are the site of the light-dependent reaction, with the primary purpose of making ATP and NADPH
  • Grana are stacks of thylakoids
  • Stroma is the space surrounding the thylakoids and is the site of the light-independent reaction
  • Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH), then uses this to make sugars
  • The chemical reaction is: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (Key number is 6 in balancing)
  • Light reaction (light-dependent): Sunlight converts into ATP and NADPH
  • Calvin cycle (light-independent reaction): Makes sugar using CO2, ATP, and NADPH

Photosynthesis - Part 2

  • Sunlight travels in waves with different wavelengths (colors)
  • Red light has the longest wavelength
  • Blue light has the shortest wavelength
  • Spectrophotometer measures the wavelengths not absorbed by a specimen
  • Chlorophyll A is the main pigment in all plants and algae, looking like Mg in a carbon ring web
  • Chlorophyll B helps chlorophyll A receive light energy
  • Carotenoids are accessory pigments helping chlorophyll (and reflect red, orange, or yellow color)
  • Photosystems are groups of light-absorbing pigments in thylakoid membranes

Photosynthesis - Part 3

  • Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light reaction to make sugar using CO₂
  • 3 CO₂ molecules are combined with RuBP
  • The enzyme Rubisco converts RuBP into G3P (intermediate sugar molecules)
  • G3P converts into the second half of the sugar molecule, and is released to make sugar for the plant or algae
  • Sugars are used as food or stored for later use by the organism or passed to consumers in the food chain

Cellular Respiration - Part 1

  • Cellular Respiration is the process for releasing energy in organic molecules, mainly glucose, to do work
  • If oxygen is available, it uses aerobic respiration to make ATP (36 or 38 ATPs)
  • If oxygen is absent, it uses fermentation using organic molecules, to free up the electron carriers for glycolysis

Cellular Respiration - Part 2

  • If O2 is present, Pyruvate must convert to Acetyl Coenzyme A before entering inner mitochondrial space
  • Krebs Cycle makes Electron Carriers from Hydrogens and attaching them to the carriers
  • Electron Transport Chain happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane, with electrons moving down the chain
  • Electrons move to create H⁺ gradient to release kinetic energy and make ATP

Cellular Respiration - Part 3

  • Fermentation is a cellular process if oxygen is absent and it produces ATP using organic molecules (like alcohol and lactic acid fermentation)
  • Facultative Anaerobes can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but prefer oxygen

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