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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of photosynthesis?
What role do chlorophyll pigments play in photosynthesis?
Which of the following is a byproduct of the photosynthesis process?
Which factor does not significantly affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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What is the primary function of the stomata in leaves?
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What is the primary function of the urinary system?
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Which of the following substances is primarily excreted in urine?
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How does the urinary system help maintain homeostasis?
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What percentage of urine is composed of water?
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What is a significant excretory function of the urinary system?
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What is the primary function of the enzyme RENIN in the body?
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What triggers the release of RENIN in the body?
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Which of the following substances is primarily reabsorbed during the filtration process in the kidneys?
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Which statement accurately describes the role of the ureters in the urinary system?
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What composition factor does NOT significantly affect urine output?
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What change in urine output is indicative of oliguria?
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Which function does the external urethral sphincter serve?
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What causes sweet-smelling urine aroma potentially indicating a health condition?
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Normal urine color typically varies from pale yellow to deep yellow due to which component?
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How much blood plasma do the kidneys filter in a 24-hour period?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process plants use to convert light energy into chemical energy.
- This chemical energy is stored in glucose, a type of sugar.
- Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water and light energy.
Chlorophyll
- Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants.
- Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, primarily red and blue wavelengths, and reflects green light, which is why plants appear green.
- Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis, as it captures the light energy needed to drive the process.
Byproduct of Photosynthesis
- Oxygen (O2) is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
- During photosynthesis, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a waste product.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- The rate of photosynthesis can be influenced by factors such as light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and water availability.
- One factor that does not significantly affect the rate of photosynthesis is the amount of oxygen.
Stomata
- Stomata are tiny pores on the surface of leaves.
- Stomata regulate gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere.
- They allow carbon dioxide to enter the plant and oxygen to exit.
- Stomata also help regulate water loss through transpiration.
Micturition
- The body's ability to eliminate urine.
Urinary System - Renal System
- Body's excretory system responsible for removing waste products: urea, uric acid, salts, electrolytes, drugs, and excess fluids.
- Major role in maintaining homeostasis of extracellular fluid by filtering electrolytes and waste products.
- Stores and removes waste in the form of urine.
- Urine composition: 95% water, 2.5% urea, 2.5% minerals, and enzymes.
- Filters blood and balances chemicals and water in the body.
- Major excretory system for wastes and toxins in the body.
- Lungs and skin also excrete small amounts of waste.
Functions of the Urinary System
- Regulates blood volume and chemical makeup.
- Balances water-salt and acid-base levels in the body.
- Produces the enzyme renin which helps regulate blood pressure.
- Produces the hormone erythropoietin, a natural glycoprotein produced by peritubular cells of the kidneys which helps increase blood cell production in bone marrow.
- Converts vitamin D to its active form.
Key Terms
- Enzyme: A protein that triggers chemical reactions in the body, speeding up metabolism. Acts as a catalyst, breaking down substances or building molecules like protein.
- Hormone: Chemical messengers produced by glands and travel through the bloodstream to regulate physiological processes like growth, reproduction, metabolism, immunity, and reproduction.
Renin
- Triggers for release of renin:
- When blood pressure falls to 90 systolic and 60 diastolic.
- Low sodium.
- Dehydration caused by blood loss.
- Stress or fear.
Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
- Plays a key role in regulating electrolyte balance, blood volume and vascular resistance.
- Increases vascular resistance by causing the muscular walls of arterioles to constrict, resulting in higher blood pressure.
- Stimulates the release of aldosterone by the adrenal glands.
- Triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone by the pituitary gland.
- Helps kidneys retain sodium and release potassium.
Angiotensin II
- Angiotensinogen (inactive protein in the bloodstream, produced by the liver) is converted into Angiotensin I by Renin.
- Angiotensin I is then converted to Angiotensin II by ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme).
- Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, releases aldosterone, and stimulates the release of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).
Glomerular Filtration
- Glomerulus is the site of blood filtration.
- Filters approximately 20% of blood pumped by the heart.
- Filterable blood components like water, glucose, amino acids, sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, and nitrogen wastes become glomerular filtrate.
Reabsorption
- Water, glucose, amino acids, sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate are reabsorbed back into the circulatory system.
Secretion
- Creatinine, hydrogen ions, and drugs are removed from the blood and become part of urine.
Ureters
- Bilateral thin tubes that carry urine to the bladder.
- Composed of three layers:
- Outer fibrous coat (adventitia): Made up of fibrous connective tissue.
- Intermediate muscular coat: Composed of smooth muscle fibers.
- Mucous membrane lining.
- Propel urine towards the bladder using peristalsis and gravity.
Urine Transportation and Storage
- Internal sphincter: Involuntary, surrounds the opening of the bladder to the urethra, and relaxes to allow urine to pass.
- External sphincter: Voluntary, surrounds the urethra outside the bladder. Must be relaxed for urination to occur.
Urethra
- Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Urine Production
- Blood composition is influenced by cellular metabolism, diet, and urinary output.
- Kidneys filter approximately 150-180 liters of blood plasma into their tubules each day.
- Daily urine output is typically between 0.8 to 1.8 liters.
- The body must release a minimum of 500 ml of urine per day to remove toxins.
Abnormal Urine Output
- Polyuria: Excessive urine output, often associated with diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.
- Oliguria: Reduced urine output below 500 ml/day, often caused by dehydration or renal disease.
- Anuria: Complete absence of urine output, potentially life-threatening and caused by conditions like severe blood loss, heart or kidney disease.
Urine Characteristics
- Normal urine color: Pale yellow to deep yellow, due to the pigment urochrome.
- Normal urine smell: Aromatic, ammonia-like scent if left standing due to bacterial action. Sweet-smelling or acetone-like scent may be due to diabetes mellitus.
- Normal urine pH: Between 4.5 to 8.0, influenced by diet.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the process of photosynthesis through this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the role of chlorophyll, byproducts of photosynthesis, and factors affecting its rate. Perfect for biology students looking to enhance their understanding of plant biology.
