Photosynthesis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What do plants convert light energy into?

  • Mechanical energy
  • Electrical energy
  • Chemical energy (correct)
  • Thermal energy

    • Plants can use light energy directly for their metabolic processes.

    False

    What is the primary process by which plants convert light energy?

    Photosynthesis

    Plants convert light energy to ______ energy, which is stored in molecules.

    <p>chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps of photosynthesis with their descriptions:

    <p>Step 1 = Light absorption Step 2 = Water splitting Step 3 = Sugar production Step 4 = Oxygen release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a single stack of thylakoids called?

    <p>Granum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts contain thylakoids that float freely in the stroma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fluid found in chloroplasts?

    <p>stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chloroplast contains stacks of flattened organelles called __________.

    <p>thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a chloroplast with their descriptions:

    <p>Thylakoid = Flattened organelles that are stacked Granum = A single stack of thylakoids Stroma = Fluid that surrounds the thylakoids Chloroplast = Photosynthetic organelle in plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiration involves the breakdown of complex molecules to release energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the molecule that acts as the electron carrier in photosynthetic light reactions.

    <p>NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of converting light energy into the chemical energy of ATP is called __________.

    <p>photophosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Calvin cycle = Light-independent reactions occurring in the stroma ATP = Energy currency of the cell NADPH = Electron carrier used in the Calvin cycle Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = A three-carbon sugar produced in the Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid (C3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis produces more ATP than it consumes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many NADH molecules are produced during glycolysis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose (C6) into ___________ molecules of pyruvic acid (C3).

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glycolysis components with their quantities produced:

    <p>ATP = 2 (net) NADH = 2 Glucose = 1 Pyruvic acid = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total ATP produced through oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>34 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Formation of acetyl coenzyme A results in the production of 6 NADH.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecules are produced from 2 pyruvate molecules during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The net results of the citric acid cycle include ___ NADH, ___ GTP, and ___ FADH2 from 2 pyruvate.

    <p>6, 2, 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following products with their sources:

    <p>NADH = Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A GTP = Citric Acid Cycle ATP = Oxidative phosphorylation FADH2 = From 2 pyruvate molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of sugar splitting in the enzymatic pathway in plants?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Calvin cycle is primarily responsible for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three important stages of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Carbon fixation, reduction phase, regeneration of RuBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Calvin cycle refers to the __________ reactions in photosynthesis.

    <p>light-independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of the Calvin cycle with their descriptions:

    <p>Carbon Fixation = CO2 is captured and fixed into a 5-carbon sugar Reduction Phase = ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA into G3P Regeneration of RuBP = RuBP is regenerated to continue the cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis is a process where simple organic substances like glucose are synthesized from simple molecules (water and carbon dioxide) by green plants.
    • This process requires energy, supplied by sunlight.
    • The overall process is: 6H₂O + 6CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
    • Photosynthesis has three main steps:
      • Capturing energy from sunlight.
      • Converting light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
      • Using the chemical energy to synthesize organic molecules (e.g., carbohydrates) from carbon dioxide.

    Chloroplast Structure

    • Chloroplasts contain stacks of flattened organelles called thylakoids.
    • One stack of thylakoids is called a granum.
    • Grana float within a cytoplasm-like fluid in the chloroplast called stroma.

    Chlorophyll

    • Chlorophyll a and b are present in higher plants.
    • Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment for light reactions.
    • Chlorophyll b transfers absorbed energy to chlorophyll a.

    Photosynthesis Process

    • Photosynthesis consists of two sets of reactions:
      • Light-dependent reactions (in the thylakoid membrane).
      • Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) in the stroma.
    • CO₂ + H₂O + Energy → O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆

    Light-Dependent Reactions

    • Photosynthetic membrane (thylakoid membrane) captures light.
    • Water molecules are split: 2H₂O → 2H⁺ + ½O₂ + 2e⁻
    • Electrons move through electron carriers.
    • Energy from electron flow produces ATP and NADPH.

    Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

    • Occurs in the stroma.
    • Three stages:
      • Carbon fixation (CO₂ combines with RuBP, forming 3-PGA).
      • Reduction (3-PGA is reduced to G3P using NADPH and ATP).
      • Regeneration (RuBP is regenerated to prepare for more CO₂ fixation).
    • The cycle produces glucose.

    Respiration

    • Respiration is the breakdown of complex molecules (sugars) to simpler molecules and releases energy in the form of ATP and electron carriers (NADPH and FADH₂).
    • Plants use photosynthesis to store light energy in sugars and respiration to break these sugars down, transferring energy into ATP.

    Phases of Cellular Respiration

    1. Glycolysis (anaerobic respiration)
    2. Formation of acetyl Coenzyme A.
    3. Krebs cycle (tricarboxylic or citric acid cycle).
    4. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis
    • Starts with glucose and ends with ATP (energy).

    Glycolysis

    • Occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic).
    • Splits glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) into two pyruvate (C₃H₄O₃) molecules.
    • Produces four ATP and two NADH.

    Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A

    • Pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA.
    • Release of CO₂ and NADH is involved.

    The Citric Acid Cycle

    • A series of chemical reactions.
    • Input is Acetyl-CoA, output is NADH, FADH₂, 2ATP, CO₂

    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • Involves electron transport and chemiosmosis.
    • Uses energy from electron transport chain to produce ATP through chemiosmosis.

    Respiration as a Source of Metabolites

    • Respiration is a critical source for various metabolites in the cell.
    • Breakdown of molecules provides building blocks for crucial cellular components.

    Day vs. Night (Plant Metabolism)

    • Daytime: Plants primarily perform photosynthesis, consuming carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
    • Nighttime: Plants primarily engage in cellular respiration, consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

    Quiz Questions (Summary)

    • Photosynthesis takes place inside the mesophyll of leaves in plants.
    • Photosynthesis is the process where plants utilize energy from sunlight to create sugars (glucose).
    • Glycolysis is the enzymatic pathway for breaking down sugars into pyruvate molecules in plants.

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    Medicinal Plants Lecture 9 2023/2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential processes of photosynthesis, including the roles of chloroplasts and chlorophyll. You will learn about the conversion of light energy into chemical energy and the synthesis of organic substances. Test your understanding of how plants produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

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