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Questions and Answers
How many ATP molecules are required to produce one glucose in the dark reaction of the C3 cycle?
How many ATP molecules are required to produce one glucose in the dark reaction of the C3 cycle?
- 18 (correct)
- 12
- 24
- 30
Which is the first stable product of the C4 pathway?
Which is the first stable product of the C4 pathway?
- Glucose
- OAA (Oxaloacetic Acid) (correct)
- RuBP
- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Which of the following statements is true regarding C4 plants?
Which of the following statements is true regarding C4 plants?
- They predominantly belong to the Rosaceae family.
- They do not have a distinct photosynthesis pathway.
- They are primarily monocots adapted to hot and dry conditions. (correct)
- They are well-suited for cold and wet environments.
In the C3 cycle, what are the byproducts produced alongside one glucose?
In the C3 cycle, what are the byproducts produced alongside one glucose?
What does the Hatch & Slack pathway refer to?
What does the Hatch & Slack pathway refer to?
What is the significance of NADPH in the dark reaction of the C3 cycle?
What is the significance of NADPH in the dark reaction of the C3 cycle?
Which environments are C4 plants particularly adapted to?
Which environments are C4 plants particularly adapted to?
What is the role of CO2 in the Calvin cycle?
What is the role of CO2 in the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following best describes the dicarboxylic acid cycle?
Which of the following best describes the dicarboxylic acid cycle?
In terms of plant taxonomy, which family do most C4 plants belong to?
In terms of plant taxonomy, which family do most C4 plants belong to?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Overview
- Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
- Occurs in green leaves and other green parts of plants.
- Takes place within chloroplasts, featuring a membranous system containing grana, stroma lamellae, and matrix stroma.
Chloroplast Functionality
- Membrane system captures light energy, synthesizes ATP and NADPH.
- Stroma is where sugar synthesis occurs through enzymatic reactions.
- Light-driven reactions known as photochemical reactions; dependent reactions are termed dark reactions or carbon reactions.
Structure of Chlorophyll
- Primary pigments involved in photosynthesis: Chlorophyll a and b.
- Maximum light absorption occurs in blue (400-500 nm) and red (600-700 nm) wavelengths.
- Chlorophyll a is the main pigment linked to photosynthesis effectiveness.
Electron Transport Systems
-
Cyclic Electron Transport System (ETS)
- Involves only Photosystem I (PS-I).
- Electrons return to the reaction center, forming ATP without oxygen evolution.
- NADPH not produced; only ATP is generated.
-
Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
- Involves both Photosystem II (PS-II) and PS-I.
- Produces ATP and NADPH required for Calvin cycle.
Calvin Cycle Requirements
- Involves 12 NADPH and 18 ATP for the synthesis of one glucose.
- Inputs: Six CO2, 18 ATP, 12 NADPH; Outputs: One glucose, 18 ADP, 12 NADP.
C4 Pathway
- Known as C4 pathway, Dicarboxylic acid cycle (DCA cycle), or Hatch & Slack pathway.
- First stable product is OAA (oxaloacetic acid), a four-carbon compound.
- Primarily studied in sugarcane and maize.
- Adaptation to hot and dry environments, mainly found in monocots from Gramineae & Cyperaceae families.
- Examples of C4 plants: Sugarcane, maize, sorghum.
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