Podcast
Questions and Answers
Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert PGA to ______.
Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert PGA to ______.
G3P
The process of ______ occurs when rubisco binds with O2, leading to the degradation of intermediates.
The process of ______ occurs when rubisco binds with O2, leading to the degradation of intermediates.
Photorespiration
In the C4 cycle, CO2 enters a mesophyll cell and PEP carboxylase binds with ______ to form 4-C oxaloacetate.
In the C4 cycle, CO2 enters a mesophyll cell and PEP carboxylase binds with ______ to form 4-C oxaloacetate.
phosphoenolpyruvate
In the C4 cycle, malate is conveyed to the bundle sheath cells where the ______ concentration is low.
In the C4 cycle, malate is conveyed to the bundle sheath cells where the ______ concentration is low.
The Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway is similar to the C4 cycle but has stomata that open at ______.
The Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway is similar to the C4 cycle but has stomata that open at ______.
The process of converting light energy to chemical energy is called ______.
The process of converting light energy to chemical energy is called ______.
Chlorophyll a contains a ______ ring and a hydrocarbon tail.
Chlorophyll a contains a ______ ring and a hydrocarbon tail.
The first photosystem discovered is PS I, but PS II is the one that ______ excited electrons.
The first photosystem discovered is PS I, but PS II is the one that ______ excited electrons.
The light-dependent reactions require ______ and water as reactants.
The light-dependent reactions require ______ and water as reactants.
During the light-dependent reactions, the splitting of water releases ______ gas.
During the light-dependent reactions, the splitting of water releases ______ gas.
The Calvin cycle, also known as the C3 cycle, is a ______-independent reaction.
The Calvin cycle, also known as the C3 cycle, is a ______-independent reaction.
Rubisco is the enzyme responsible for combining carbon from CO2 with ______.
Rubisco is the enzyme responsible for combining carbon from CO2 with ______.
The reactants of the light-independent reactions include CO2 and ______.
The reactants of the light-independent reactions include CO2 and ______.
Energy is released during ______ when H+ ions diffuse across the thylakoid membrane.
Energy is released during ______ when H+ ions diffuse across the thylakoid membrane.
The primary product of the Calvin cycle is ______.
The primary product of the Calvin cycle is ______.
Flashcards
What is RuBP?
What is RuBP?
RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate) is a five-carbon sugar that is a key molecule in the Calvin Cycle. It captures carbon dioxide and is used to form glucose.
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle's Carbon Reduction phase?
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle's Carbon Reduction phase?
This phase uses energy from ATP and NADPH to convert 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), a sugar.
How does RuBP regenerate in the Calvin Cycle?
How does RuBP regenerate in the Calvin Cycle?
After forming glucose, remaining G3P molecules go through enzyme-catalyzed reactions using ATP to regenerate RuBP, enabling the cycle to continue.
What is photorespiration?
What is photorespiration?
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How does the C4 cycle help plants survive in hot, dry climates?
How does the C4 cycle help plants survive in hot, dry climates?
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a
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Light-dependent Reactions
Light-dependent Reactions
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Photolysis
Photolysis
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Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis
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Photosystem II (PS II)
Photosystem II (PS II)
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Carbon Fixation
Carbon Fixation
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RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate)
RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate)
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Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle
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Rubisco
Rubisco
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Overview
- Photosynthesis is a biological process carried out by photolithoautotrophs, where light energy is transformed into chemical energy.
- The process involves the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
- Plants use chlorophyll to absorb light energy, crucial for the process.
Learning Outcomes
- The structure of chloroplasts relates to photosynthetic events.
- Light-dependent and carbon fixation reactions are crucial steps in the process.
- Photosynthetic reactants and products are necessary to understand photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis Equation
- 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
- Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy are reactants.
- Glucose (sugar) and oxygen are the products.
Leaf Anatomy
- Leaves have a layered structure, optimized for absorbing sunlight and exchanging gases.
- Epidermis: Outermost layer providing protection.
- Palisade mesophyll: Tightly packed cells rich in chloroplasts.
- Spongy mesophyll: Loosely arranged cells, facilitating gas exchange.
- Stomata: Pores on the leaf surface, vital for gas exchange.
- Veins: Composed of xylem and phloem carrying water and nutrients for photosynthesis.
- Cuticle: Waxy covering, reducing water loss.
Chloroplast Structure
- Chloroplasts are double-membraned organelles.
- Outer membrane: Encloses the chloroplast.
- Inner membrane: Enclosing the stroma.
- Stroma: Fluid filled space, containing DNA, ribosomes and enzymes.
- Granum: Stacks of thylakoids (pancake-like structures).
- Thylakoids: Flattened sacs containing chlorophyll.
- Lamellae: Connecting thylakoids, maintaining continuity of the membrane.
- Lumen: Inside of the thylakoid.
Light-capturing Pigments
- Pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and beta-carotene absorb light energy.
- Chlorophyll a and b absorb red and blue light most effectively, while beta-carotene absorbs blue-green light.
- Photosystems in chloroplasts consist of proteins bound to these pigments.
Reactions of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is divided into light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Light-dependent Reactions
- Reactants: Light, water, ADP, NADP+
- Products: Oxygen, ATP, NADPH
- These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
- Three phases: Photochemical reactions, Electron transport, Chemiosmosis.
Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Reactants: CO₂, Rubisco, RuBP, ATP, NADPH
- Products: Glucose, ADP, NADP+
- In the stroma of chloroplasts.
- Three stages: Carbon fixation, Carbon reduction, Regeneration of RuBP.
Photosystems
- Photosystems are complexes of proteins and pigments in thylakoid membranes.
- Photosystem II (PSII) absorbs light, splits water, and releases oxygen.
- Photosystem I (PSI) absorbs light, transfers electrons and generates NADPH.
- Electrons are passed through an electron transport chain to generate ATP.
The Electron Transport Chain
- Electron movement transports energy through a chain of protein complexes.
- The energy is used to produce ATP.
Photolysis
- Photolysis is the splitting of water, releasing oxygen, protons, and electrons.
Chemiosmosis
- H+ ions diffuse from high to low concentration.
- This diffusion drives ATP synthesis.
Photorespiration
- Photorespiration happens when Rubisco binds with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide.
- This reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis.
C4 Cycle
- A two-stage carbon-fixation pathway that prevents photorespiration.
- This pathway is adapted for plants in hot, dry environments, like sugarcane and corn.
CAM Pathway
- A type of carbon fixation pathway, similar to the C4 pathway.
- Stomata open at night and close during the day, adapting to dry conditions like those found in cacti and pineapples.
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