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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
- To split water molecules
- To reduce carbon dioxide
- To produce oxygen
- To produce carbohydrate (correct)
Where does the hydrogen for the process of photosynthesis come from?
Where does the hydrogen for the process of photosynthesis come from?
- Carbon dioxide
- ATP
- Water (correct)
- Chlorophyll
What is the main source of energy that drives the photosynthesis reactions?
What is the main source of energy that drives the photosynthesis reactions?
- Oxygen
- Water
- Carbohydrate
- Light (correct)
What are the two main products of the photosynthesis reaction?
What are the two main products of the photosynthesis reaction?
What is the fate of the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?
What is the fate of the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?
What is the process called when pigments including chlorophyll absorb energy from light?
What is the process called when pigments including chlorophyll absorb energy from light?
What is the term for the process of splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen during photosynthesis?
What is the term for the process of splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen during photosynthesis?
What is the primary purpose of photophosphorylation in photosynthesis?
What is the primary purpose of photophosphorylation in photosynthesis?
What coenzyme is eventually picked up by the hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What coenzyme is eventually picked up by the hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What are the two main stages into which the photosynthesis process can be divided?
What are the two main stages into which the photosynthesis process can be divided?
What is the name for the green pigment that absorbs light in photosynthesis?
What is the name for the green pigment that absorbs light in photosynthesis?
What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
What is the function of ATP and reduced NADP in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the function of ATP and reduced NADP in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis?
Where are chloroplasts primarily found in plant cells?
Where are chloroplasts primarily found in plant cells?
What is the function of the stroma in a chloroplast?
What is the function of the stroma in a chloroplast?
What structures in chloroplasts hold carrier molecules and photosynthetic pigments?
What structures in chloroplasts hold carrier molecules and photosynthetic pigments?
Which wavelengths of light does chlorophyll a primarily absorb?
Which wavelengths of light does chlorophyll a primarily absorb?
What gives orange colors to fruits and vegetables, and is revealed as fall colors in leaves?
What gives orange colors to fruits and vegetables, and is revealed as fall colors in leaves?
Which pigments give chloroplasts and leaves their green color?
Which pigments give chloroplasts and leaves their green color?
What are the clusters of pigments in thylakoid membranes called?
What are the clusters of pigments in thylakoid membranes called?
Which photosystem absorbs mainly 700 nm light?
Which photosystem absorbs mainly 700 nm light?
What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum?
What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum?
What can absorbed light energy drive in biological processes?
What can absorbed light energy drive in biological processes?
What is a practical application involving chloroplasts and plant physiology?
What is a practical application involving chloroplasts and plant physiology?
Match the following components of photosynthesis with their roles:
Match the following components of photosynthesis with their roles:
Match the following statements about photosynthesis with their correct stages:
Match the following statements about photosynthesis with their correct stages:
Match the following terms related to photosynthesis with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to photosynthesis with their definitions:
Match the following features of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis with their functions:
Match the following features of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis with their functions:
Match the following components of chloroplasts with their descriptions:
Match the following components of chloroplasts with their descriptions:
Match the following statements with the correct stage of photosynthesis:
Match the following statements with the correct stage of photosynthesis:
Match the following locations with the correct presence of chloroplasts:
Match the following locations with the correct presence of chloroplasts:
Match the following light absorption information with the correct pigment or structure:
Match the following light absorption information with the correct pigment or structure:
Match the following functions with the correct process or structure in chloroplasts:
Match the following functions with the correct process or structure in chloroplasts:
Match the following statements with the correct pigment or structure in chloroplasts:
Match the following statements with the correct pigment or structure in chloroplasts:
Chlorophyll is the ______ pigment that absorbs energy from light in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll is the ______ pigment that absorbs energy from light in photosynthesis
The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light-dependent stage and the ______ stage
The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light-dependent stage and the ______ stage
The energy in the hydrogen is used to make ______ in a process called photophosphorylation
The energy in the hydrogen is used to make ______ in a process called photophosphorylation
The hydrogen is eventually picked up by a coenzyme called ______ to make reduced NADP
The hydrogen is eventually picked up by a coenzyme called ______ to make reduced NADP
Oxygen is a ______ product of photosynthesis
Oxygen is a ______ product of photosynthesis
In the light-dependent stage, pigments including chlorophyll absorb energy from ______
In the light-dependent stage, pigments including chlorophyll absorb energy from ______
Photosynthesis involves taking in carbon dioxide and reducing it to produce ______
Photosynthesis involves taking in carbon dioxide and reducing it to produce ______
The energy that drives the reactions in photosynthesis comes from ______
The energy that drives the reactions in photosynthesis comes from ______
The two products of the photosynthesis reaction are carbohydrate and ______
The two products of the photosynthesis reaction are carbohydrate and ______
The reaction shown in the overall equation of photosynthesis is actually made up of many smaller ______
The reaction shown in the overall equation of photosynthesis is actually made up of many smaller ______
The hydrogen for the process of photosynthesis comes from ______
The hydrogen for the process of photosynthesis comes from ______
Oxygen is a ______ product of photosynthesis
Oxygen is a ______ product of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll a and b are the main ______ in chloroplasts, absorbing different wavelengths of light for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a and b are the main ______ in chloroplasts, absorbing different wavelengths of light for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts have a stroma containing ______, ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains used for carbohydrate storage.
Chloroplasts have a stroma containing ______, ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains used for carbohydrate storage.
Grana, stacks of ______, contain membranes with carrier molecules and various photosynthetic pigments.
Grana, stacks of ______, contain membranes with carrier molecules and various photosynthetic pigments.
Photosystems in thylakoid membranes absorb light energy and channel it to a ______ for the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
Photosystems in thylakoid membranes absorb light energy and channel it to a ______ for the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
Photosystem I absorbs light at ______, while photosystem II absorbs light at 680 nm, both containing chlorophyll a molecules.
Photosystem I absorbs light at ______, while photosystem II absorbs light at 680 nm, both containing chlorophyll a molecules.
The high-energy ______ from chlorophyll a drive the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
The high-energy ______ from chlorophyll a drive the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
Accessory pigments like ______ absorb additional wavelengths of light and give fruits and vegetables their color.
Accessory pigments like ______ absorb additional wavelengths of light and give fruits and vegetables their color.
Each cell can contain multiple chloroplasts, located mainly in leaf tissues such as palisade ______ and spongy ______.
Each cell can contain multiple chloroplasts, located mainly in leaf tissues such as palisade ______ and spongy ______.
Chlorophylls and accessory pigments collectively create the ______ color of chloroplasts and leaves.
Chlorophylls and accessory pigments collectively create the ______ color of chloroplasts and leaves.
Chloroplasts, found in certain ______, are essential for both light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts, found in certain ______, are essential for both light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis.
In the light-independent stage, ATP and NADP are used to reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the ______.
In the light-independent stage, ATP and NADP are used to reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the ______.
The text also mentions a practical application, the measurement of transpiration rate using a ______.
The text also mentions a practical application, the measurement of transpiration rate using a ______.
What is the primary purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the primary purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
What are the two types of photosystems involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What are the two types of photosystems involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the composition of the reaction center of each photosystem?
What is the composition of the reaction center of each photosystem?
What is the function of the electron transport chain (ETC) in the thylakoid membrane?
What is the function of the electron transport chain (ETC) in the thylakoid membrane?
What initiates the light reactions in photosynthesis?
What initiates the light reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the role of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules in the light reactions?
What is the role of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules in the light reactions?
What is the order in which the photosystems operate during the light reactions?
What is the order in which the photosystems operate during the light reactions?
What happens when light energy is funneled into the photosystem II reaction center?
What happens when light energy is funneled into the photosystem II reaction center?
What is the fate of the oxygen produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the fate of the oxygen produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the function of the thylakoid membranes in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the function of the thylakoid membranes in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain (ETC) in the light reactions?
What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain (ETC) in the light reactions?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis
- In the light-independent stage, ATP and reduced NADP are used to reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle.
- Chloroplasts, found in specific plant cells like palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll tissues in leaves, host both light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis.
- Each chloroplast contains an envelope of two membranes and a watery stroma with enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains for carbohydrate storage.
- Inside chloroplasts, membranes called lamellae form fluid-filled sacs called thylakoid spaces, and stacks of thylakoids called grana, which hold carrier molecules and photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a and b, carotene, and xanthophyll.
- Chloroplast pigments absorb different wavelengths of light and drive photosynthesis; chlorophyll a absorbs violet, blue, and red light, while accessory pigments like chlorophyll b and carotenoids absorb other wavelengths.
- Carotenoids, including beta-carotene, give orange colors to fruits and vegetables and are revealed as fall colors when chlorophyll breaks down in autumn leaves.
- The majority of pigments in a chloroplast are chlorophyll a and b, which gives chloroplasts and leaves their green color, and absorb slightly different wavelengths of light.
- Pigments in thylakoid membranes are arranged in clusters called photosystems, with photosystem I absorbing mainly 700 nm light and photosystem II absorbing mainly 680 nm light.
- Photosystems contain chlorophyll a molecules and other pigments that channel energy to these chlorophyll a molecules, increasing the energy level of electrons to drive the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
- The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from short-wavelength gamma rays to long-wavelength radio waves, and photons of specific wavelengths are either reflected, transmitted, or absorbed by objects like leaves.
- The absorbed light energy can drive biological processes like photosynthesis, and chloroplasts contain a variety of pigment molecules that absorb different wavelengths of light.
- A practical application involves measuring the transpiration rate using a potometer.
Photosynthesis and Chloroplast Structure
- In the light-independent stage, ATP and NADP are used to reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle.
- Chloroplasts, found in certain plant cells, are essential for both light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis.
- Each cell can contain multiple chloroplasts, located mainly in leaf tissues such as palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.
- Chloroplasts have a stroma containing enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains used for carbohydrate storage.
- Grana, stacks of thylakoids, contain membranes with carrier molecules and various photosynthetic pigments.
- Chlorophyll a and b are the main pigments in chloroplasts, absorbing different wavelengths of light for photosynthesis.
- Accessory pigments like carotenoids absorb additional wavelengths of light and give fruits and vegetables their color.
- Chlorophylls and accessory pigments collectively create the green color of chloroplasts and leaves.
- Photosystems in thylakoid membranes absorb light energy and channel it to a reaction center for the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
- Photosystem I absorbs light at 700 nm, while photosystem II absorbs light at 680 nm, both containing chlorophyll a molecules.
- The high-energy electrons from chlorophyll a drive the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
- The text also mentions a practical application, the measurement of transpiration rate using a potometer.
Photosynthesis and Chloroplast Structure
- In the light-independent stage, ATP and NADP are used to reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle.
- Chloroplasts, found in certain plant cells, are essential for both light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis.
- Each cell can contain multiple chloroplasts, located mainly in leaf tissues such as palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.
- Chloroplasts have a stroma containing enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains used for carbohydrate storage.
- Grana, stacks of thylakoids, contain membranes with carrier molecules and various photosynthetic pigments.
- Chlorophyll a and b are the main pigments in chloroplasts, absorbing different wavelengths of light for photosynthesis.
- Accessory pigments like carotenoids absorb additional wavelengths of light and give fruits and vegetables their color.
- Chlorophylls and accessory pigments collectively create the green color of chloroplasts and leaves.
- Photosystems in thylakoid membranes absorb light energy and channel it to a reaction center for the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
- Photosystem I absorbs light at 700 nm, while photosystem II absorbs light at 680 nm, both containing chlorophyll a molecules.
- The high-energy electrons from chlorophyll a drive the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
- The text also mentions a practical application, the measurement of transpiration rate using a potometer.
Photosynthesis and the Calvin Cycle: Key Processes and Reactions
- Photosystem II captures energy from light and boosts electrons to the primary electron acceptor.
- Replacement electrons for photosystem II come from the splitting of water by an enzyme associated with photosystem II.
- Water splitting releases electrons to replace those lost by the reaction center chlorophylls and produces O2 and hydrogen ions.
- The energized electron from photosystem II travels through an electron transport chain (ETC) to generate a H+ gradient and ATP through chemiosmosis.
- Photosystem I absorbs light energy and passes it to a chlorophyll a molecule in the reaction center, energizing an electron.
- The energized electron from photosystem I is passed to a second ETC to generate NADPH.
- Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation are processes for ATP production using energy from light.
- Photosystem II includes a water-splitting enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of water, producing O2 as a waste product.
- ATP and NADPH synthesized during the light reactions power the synthesis of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) from CO2 in the Calvin cycle.
- The Calvin cycle involves carbon fixation, the synthesis of G3P, and the regeneration of RuBP to continue the cycle.
- Carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle can be disrupted by photorespiration, a wasteful process reducing the rate of carbon fixation.
- The Calvin cycle is a metabolic pathway that converts CO2 into G3P using ATP and NADPH, and it begins and ends with the same five-carbon molecule, RuBP.
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