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Photosynthesis Overview and Processes
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Photosynthesis Overview and Processes

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@WinningDandelion

Questions and Answers

Is this organelle more likely to be found in animal cells or plant cells?

  • Plant cells (correct)
  • Animal cells

    • What compound necessary for photosynthesis is contained in the thylakoids?

    Chlorophyll

    What substances are the reactants in photosynthesis? Include the name and chemical formula of each substance in your answer.

    Carbon dioxide - CO₂ and Hydrogen dioxide - H₂O

    Where in the organelle are these molecules stored before they are used in photosynthesis?

    <p>The Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is photosynthesis an endergonic or exergonic reaction? Support your answer with evidence from Model 1.

    <p>Exergonic because it releases energy into the plant cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy source for photosynthesis?

    <p>Sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the light-independent reactions?

    <p>The Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?

    <p>The thylakoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what part of the chloroplast do the light-independent reactions occur?

    <p>The stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound is best able to absorb the light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy?

    <p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances are produced during photosynthesis? Include the name and chemical formula of each substance in your answer.

    <p>Glucose - C₆H₁₂O₆, Oxygen - O₂, and Hydrogen dioxide - H₂O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to have six CO₂ entering the chloroplast?

    <p>So that there will be 6 Carbons in the glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Model 2, what shape or symbol represents a single electron?

    <p>A black dot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Find two places in Model 2 where electrons are released from chlorophyll by a photon of light.

    <p>At photosystem I and II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Find one place in Model 2 where electrons are released from water molecules.

    <p>The inner thylakoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When electrons are released from water molecules, what other products are formed?

    <p>H⁺ and O₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Model 2, label the diagram with 'A', 'B', and 'C' to indicate where the three steps occur.

    <p>'A' occurs in Photosystem II, 'B' occurs in the ETC, and 'C' occurs in the ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The light-dependent reactions include an electron transport chain system. Briefly describe how this system works.

    <p>The electrons go against the concentration gradient and then something happens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the embedded protein complex found in the thylakoid membrane that reduces NADP+ into NADPH.

    <p>Photosystem I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the embedded protein complex found in the thylakoid membrane that uses excited electrons for the electron transport chain.

    <p>Photosystem II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the embedded protein complex found in the thylakoid membrane that uses excited electrons.

    <p>ATP Synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once a chlorophyll molecule has released electrons, what is the source of replacement electrons for those released from photosystem I?

    <p>Electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of replacement electrons for those released from photosystem II?

    <p>Electrons from the splitting of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is carbon dioxide involved in light-dependent reactions?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are any of the 12 water molecules products of the light-dependent reactions?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions go when the process is complete?

    <p>Calvin cycle (light-independent cycle)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Carbon fixation, regeneration, reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what happened to the carbon atoms from the carbon dioxide molecules that entered the Calvin cycle.

    <p>Carbon fixation turns it into PGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is carbon fixation?

    <p>Carbon atoms are removed from the atmosphere and incorporated into larger molecules within the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule does the PGA molecule turn into during the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>PGA molecule turns into PGAL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how the structures if the PGA and PGAL are different.

    <p>The PGA molecule loses an oxygen as it turns into PGAL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify types and numbers of molecules that provide the free energy necessary for the reduction of the PGA molecule.

    <p>6 ADP, 6 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many water molecules are produced in the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle, explain where the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in these water molecules originated.

    <p>The oxygen for the water molecule was removed from the PGA as it turned into PGAL. The hydrogen atoms came from the conversion of NADPH to NADP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many PGAL molecules will it take to make one molecule of glucose?

    <p>Two PGAL molecules will be needed. Each PGAL molecule contains three carbon atoms, but a glucose molecule contains six carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many turns of the Calvin cycle will it take to make one molecule of glucose?

    <p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the ADP and NADP+ go after they are used in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>They travel back to the thylakoid to be recycled in the light-dependent reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the light-dependent and light-independent reactions depend on each other?

    <p>18 ATP molecules and 12 NADPH molecules produced during the light-dependent cycle are needed to power the light-independent cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Throughout photosynthesis, energy is transferred from light to several molecules increasingly higher potential energy.

    <p>Sunlight → Electrons → ATP → Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis Overview

    • Photosynthesis occurs primarily in plant cells, specifically in chloroplasts.
    • The key structures for this process include thylakoids, which contain chlorophyll.

    Reactants and Products

    • Primary reactants: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O).
    • Stored in the stroma of chloroplasts prior to use in photosynthesis.
    • Photosynthesis is an exergonic reaction, releasing energy into the plant cell.
    • Energy source: Sunlight.
    • Key products: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), oxygen (O₂), and water (H₂O) generated during the process.

    Light-dependent and Light-independent Reactions

    • Light-independent reactions are also known as the Calvin cycle.
    • Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
    • Chlorophyll is crucial for absorbing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy.

    Electron Transport

    • Electrons are released from chlorophyll molecules when exposed to sunlight, happening in photosystems I and II.
    • Water molecules split, releasing electrons, protons (H⁺), and oxygen (O₂) in the process, specifically within the inner thylakoid space.
    • An electron transport chain assists in moving electrons against a concentration gradient, producing ATP.

    Protein Complexes in Thylakoids

    • Photosystem I reduces NADP+ to NADPH using excited electrons.
    • Photosystem II delivers excited electrons to the electron transport chain.
    • ATP synthase utilizes energy from excited electrons to produce ATP.

    Function of Water in Photosynthesis

    • Twelve water molecules used as reactants result in the release of six water molecules as products, with no water produced during light-dependent reactions.

    The Calvin Cycle Phases

    • The three phases of the Calvin cycle: Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
    • Carbon fixation involves incorporating carbon from CO₂ into larger plant molecules, specifically changing it into PGA.
    • PGA is converted into PGAL during the reduction phase, requiring energy from ATP and NADPH.

    Water Production in the Calvin Cycle

    • Six water molecules produced during the reduction phase, with oxygen derived from PGA and hydrogen from NADPH.

    Glucose Synthesis

    • Two PGAL molecules are needed to synthesize one glucose molecule, necessitating one turn of the Calvin cycle.
    • ADP and NADP+ return to the thylakoid for recycling during light-dependent reactions.

    Dependency Relationship

    • The Calvin cycle requires ATP and NADPH generated from light-dependent reactions, highlighting their interdependence throughout the photosynthesis process.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of photosynthesis, including the structures involved, the reactants and products, and the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Learn about the critical role of chlorophyll, thylakoids, and the Calvin cycle in this vital process for plant life.

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