Photosynthesis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

What molecule is produced by photosynthesis?

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

What is the byproduct of photosynthesis?

Oxygen (O₂)

What pigment is responsible for capturing light energy in photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

<p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a membrane in chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur?

<p>Thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid inside chloroplasts where light-independent reactions occur?

<p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of photosynthesis that requires sunlight?

<p>Light-dependent reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the light-independent reaction that produces glucose from CO₂?

<p>Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of water splitting during light-dependent reactions?

<p>Photolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy currency produced in the light-dependent reactions?

<p>ATP (adenosine triphosphate)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron carrier generated in the light-dependent reactions?

<p>NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the waxy layer that prevents water loss from leaves?

<p>Cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer in leaves has chloroplasts for maximum light absorption?

<p>Palisade Mesophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer in leaves facilitates gas exchange?

<p>Spongy Mesophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the pores in leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss?

<p>Stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures in plants transport water and nutrients?

<p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the pigment arrangements that capture light energy in photosynthesis?

<p>Photosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the raw material for glucose production in photosynthesis?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source from the sun used in photosynthesis?

<p>Light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is energy stored in glucose molecules called?

<p>Chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process generates ATP and NADPH in the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of electrons during the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Electron Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the large gaps in cells that facilitate gas diffusion?

<p>Air Spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of cells maximizes gas diffusion efficiency?

<p>Surface Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the protective layer that reduces water loss in leaves?

<p>Waxy Cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the pores in plants that allow gas exchange?

<p>Stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata?

<p>Guard Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vessels transport water throughout plants?

<p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vessels carry nutrients like sugars throughout plants?

<p>Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Light Intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts CO₂ into sugars in photosynthesis?

<p>Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme fixes CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>Rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor restricts the rate of photosynthesis below its optimum?

<p>Limiting Factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of temperature on photosynthesis?

<p>Temperature Effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water availability important for photosynthesis?

<p>Water Availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis?

<p>Photosynthesis Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are used to enhance light for photosynthesis?

<p>Artificial Grow Lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause stomatal closure and reduced photosynthesis?

<p>Drought Conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a technique that increases CO₂ levels to enhance plant growth?

<p>Greenhouse CO₂ Enrichment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature range is ideal for photosynthesis activity?

<p>Optimal Temperature Range</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is affected by temperature and enzyme activity?

<p>Electron Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What helps retain soil moisture for plants?

<p>Mulch Usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are methods to optimize conditions for plant growth?

<p>Photosynthesis Solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to enzymes at high temperatures?

<p>Enzyme Denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to plants that experience low light?

<p>Shaded Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the complexes that use chlorophyll to absorb light energy?

<p>Photosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause reduced light absorption and affect photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes yellowing leaves in plants?

<p>Nitrogen deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient deficiency limits chlorophyll production and affects photosynthesis?

<p>Magnesium deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are controlled environments designed to enhance plant growth conditions?

<p>Greenhouses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a method of soil-less cultivation with controlled nutrient solutions?

<p>Hydroponics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pigment absorbs blue-violet and red light in the highest amount?

<p>Chlorophyll a</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pigment broadens the light absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a?

<p>Chlorophyll b</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accessory pigments reflect yellow, orange, and red light?

<p>Carotenoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dissipation of excess light energy as heat?

<p>Photoprotection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique separates pigments based on their solubility?

<p>Paper chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio indicating a pigment’s travel distance in chromatography?

<p>Rf value</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reactions convert light energy into ATP and NADPH?

<p>Light-Dependent Reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the excitation of electrons in chlorophyll by light?

<p>Photon Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pathway transferring excited electrons during photosynthesis?

<p>Electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the splitting of water into electrons, protons, and oxygen?

<p>Photolysis of Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are conditions that maximize the rate of photosynthesis?

<p>Optimal limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can increase light intensity in greenhouse environments?

<p>Artificial lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are used to enrich CO₂ levels for enhanced photosynthesis?

<p>CO₂ tanks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can affect plant health due to lack of essential nutrients?

<p>Nutrient deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent?

<p>Solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy stored in chemical bonds that is produced by photosynthesis?

<p>Chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process results in the splitting of water into electrons, protons, and oxygen?

<p>Photolysis of Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pathway for electrons releasing energy during photosynthesis?

<p>Electron Transport Chain (ETC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protein that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)?

<p>ATP Synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is involved in ATP synthesis via a proton gradient?

<p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formation of NADPH from NADP⁺ by the addition of electrons?

<p>NADPH Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pathway for producing ATP and NADPH that involves PSII and PSI?

<p>Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway that produces only ATP and no NADPH or oxygen?

<p>Cyclic Photophosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first photosystem involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Photosystem II (PSII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second photosystem that re-energizes electrons during the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Photosystem I (PSI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where chlorophyll absorbs light energy?

<p>Light Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen that is released during the splitting of water in photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen Byproduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in proton concentration across the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis?

<p>Proton Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 5-carbon sugar is used in carbon fixation?

<p>Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO₂ with RuBP?

<p>Rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the light-independent reactions that synthesize glucose from CO₂?

<p>Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway of electrons from PSII to NADP⁺ during photosynthesis?

<p>Electron Flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formation of ATP through chemiosmosis?

<p>ATP Production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron acceptor that is reduced to NADPH?

<p>NADP⁺</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process generates electrons, protons, and oxygen?

<p>Water Splitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are electrons that have been energized by light in PSI?

<p>High-Energy Electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the space where protons accumulate during electron transport?

<p>Thylakoid Lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What includes non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation?

<p>Photosynthetic Pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reactions convert light energy into chemical energy?

<p>Light-Dependent Reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process where CO₂ combines with RuBP via the Rubisco enzyme?

<p>Carbon Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy.
  • Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is an energy storage molecule produced.
  • Oxygen (O₂) is a byproduct of this process.
  • Chlorophyll, a green pigment, facilitates light energy conversion.
  • Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
  • Thylakoids are membranes within chloroplasts involved in light-dependent reactions.
  • Stroma is the fluid within chloroplasts, involved in light-independent reactions.
  • The cuticle is a waxy layer preventing water loss from leaves.
  • Palisade and spongy mesophyll layers maximize light absorption and gas exchange.
  • Stomata are pores that regulate gas exchange and water loss.
  • Veins transport water (xylem) and nutrients (phloem).
  • Photosystems are pigment arrangements capturing light energy.
  • Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a raw material used for glucose production.
  • Light energy from the sun powers photosynthesis.
  • Chemical energy is stored in glucose molecules.

Light-Dependent Reactions

  • Non-cyclic photophosphorylation is the main process, using photosystems I and II to generate ATP and NADPH.
  • Light is needed for this step; occurs in thylakoid membranes.
  • Photolysis is the splitting of water, producing electrons, protons (H⁺), and oxygen.
  • Electron transport chain facilitates electron transport, releasing energy to form ATP by chemiosmosis.
  • ATP synthase synthesizes ATP using the proton gradient.
  • NADPH is formed when NADP+ gains electrons.
  • Photosystem II (PSII) initiates the process by absorbing light and exciting electrons.
  • Photosystem I (PSI) re-energizes the electrons.

Calvin Cycle

  • Light-independent reactions.
  • The cycle uses CO₂ to make glucose.
  • Rubisco binds CO₂ with RuBP initiating carbon fixation.
  • 3-PGA is formed, which uses ATP and NADPH to become G3P.
  • G3P molecules contribute to glucose synthesis.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

  • Light intensity, temperature, water availability, and CO₂ concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis.
  • Limiting factors restrict photosynthesis below optimal levels.
  • Temperature affects enzyme activity and membrane fluidity.
  • Artificial grow lights increase photosynthesis in controlled settings.
  • Drought conditions lead to stomatal closure, reducing photosynthesis.

Other Key Concepts

  • Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment, absorbing blue-violet and red light.
  • Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (yellow, orange, red) are accessory pigments.
  • Photoprotection dissipates excess light energy as heat.
  • Paper chromatography separates plant pigments based on their solubility.
  • Rf values indicate pigment travel during chromatography.
  • Cyclic photophosphorylation generates ATP without NADPH and oxygen.
  • Nutrient deficiencies (e.g., nitrogen, magnesium) can limit photosynthesis.
  • Greenhouses and hydroponics provide controlled environments.

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Description

This quiz covers the process of photosynthesis, detailing how light energy is converted into chemical energy. Key components such as chlorophyll, chloroplasts, and the roles of glucose and oxygen are explored. Understand the importance of various structures involved in maximizing light absorption and gas exchange in plants.

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