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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
What molecule is produced by photosynthesis?
What molecule is produced by photosynthesis?
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
What is the byproduct of photosynthesis?
What is the byproduct of photosynthesis?
Oxygen (O₂)
What pigment is responsible for capturing light energy in photosynthesis?
What pigment is responsible for capturing light energy in photosynthesis?
Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?
Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?
Which of the following is a membrane in chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur?
Which of the following is a membrane in chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur?
What is the fluid inside chloroplasts where light-independent reactions occur?
What is the fluid inside chloroplasts where light-independent reactions occur?
What is the first stage of photosynthesis that requires sunlight?
What is the first stage of photosynthesis that requires sunlight?
What is the light-independent reaction that produces glucose from CO₂?
What is the light-independent reaction that produces glucose from CO₂?
What is the process of water splitting during light-dependent reactions?
What is the process of water splitting during light-dependent reactions?
What is the energy currency produced in the light-dependent reactions?
What is the energy currency produced in the light-dependent reactions?
What is the electron carrier generated in the light-dependent reactions?
What is the electron carrier generated in the light-dependent reactions?
What is the waxy layer that prevents water loss from leaves?
What is the waxy layer that prevents water loss from leaves?
What layer in leaves has chloroplasts for maximum light absorption?
What layer in leaves has chloroplasts for maximum light absorption?
What layer in leaves facilitates gas exchange?
What layer in leaves facilitates gas exchange?
What are the pores in leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss?
What are the pores in leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss?
What structures in plants transport water and nutrients?
What structures in plants transport water and nutrients?
What are the pigment arrangements that capture light energy in photosynthesis?
What are the pigment arrangements that capture light energy in photosynthesis?
What is the raw material for glucose production in photosynthesis?
What is the raw material for glucose production in photosynthesis?
What is the energy source from the sun used in photosynthesis?
What is the energy source from the sun used in photosynthesis?
What is energy stored in glucose molecules called?
What is energy stored in glucose molecules called?
What process generates ATP and NADPH in the light-dependent reactions?
What process generates ATP and NADPH in the light-dependent reactions?
What is the movement of electrons during the light-dependent reactions?
What is the movement of electrons during the light-dependent reactions?
What are the large gaps in cells that facilitate gas diffusion?
What are the large gaps in cells that facilitate gas diffusion?
What characteristic of cells maximizes gas diffusion efficiency?
What characteristic of cells maximizes gas diffusion efficiency?
What is the protective layer that reduces water loss in leaves?
What is the protective layer that reduces water loss in leaves?
What are the pores in plants that allow gas exchange?
What are the pores in plants that allow gas exchange?
What cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata?
What cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata?
What vessels transport water throughout plants?
What vessels transport water throughout plants?
What vessels carry nutrients like sugars throughout plants?
What vessels carry nutrients like sugars throughout plants?
What is the energy source for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the energy source for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What process converts CO₂ into sugars in photosynthesis?
What process converts CO₂ into sugars in photosynthesis?
What enzyme fixes CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle?
What enzyme fixes CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle?
What factor restricts the rate of photosynthesis below its optimum?
What factor restricts the rate of photosynthesis below its optimum?
What is the primary effect of temperature on photosynthesis?
What is the primary effect of temperature on photosynthesis?
Why is water availability important for photosynthesis?
Why is water availability important for photosynthesis?
What factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis?
What factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis?
What are used to enhance light for photosynthesis?
What are used to enhance light for photosynthesis?
What can cause stomatal closure and reduced photosynthesis?
What can cause stomatal closure and reduced photosynthesis?
What is a technique that increases CO₂ levels to enhance plant growth?
What is a technique that increases CO₂ levels to enhance plant growth?
What temperature range is ideal for photosynthesis activity?
What temperature range is ideal for photosynthesis activity?
What process is affected by temperature and enzyme activity?
What process is affected by temperature and enzyme activity?
What helps retain soil moisture for plants?
What helps retain soil moisture for plants?
What are methods to optimize conditions for plant growth?
What are methods to optimize conditions for plant growth?
What can happen to enzymes at high temperatures?
What can happen to enzymes at high temperatures?
What happens to plants that experience low light?
What happens to plants that experience low light?
What are the complexes that use chlorophyll to absorb light energy?
What are the complexes that use chlorophyll to absorb light energy?
What can cause reduced light absorption and affect photosynthesis?
What can cause reduced light absorption and affect photosynthesis?
What causes yellowing leaves in plants?
What causes yellowing leaves in plants?
What nutrient deficiency limits chlorophyll production and affects photosynthesis?
What nutrient deficiency limits chlorophyll production and affects photosynthesis?
What are controlled environments designed to enhance plant growth conditions?
What are controlled environments designed to enhance plant growth conditions?
What is a method of soil-less cultivation with controlled nutrient solutions?
What is a method of soil-less cultivation with controlled nutrient solutions?
What pigment absorbs blue-violet and red light in the highest amount?
What pigment absorbs blue-violet and red light in the highest amount?
What pigment broadens the light absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a?
What pigment broadens the light absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a?
What accessory pigments reflect yellow, orange, and red light?
What accessory pigments reflect yellow, orange, and red light?
What is the dissipation of excess light energy as heat?
What is the dissipation of excess light energy as heat?
What technique separates pigments based on their solubility?
What technique separates pigments based on their solubility?
What is the ratio indicating a pigment’s travel distance in chromatography?
What is the ratio indicating a pigment’s travel distance in chromatography?
What reactions convert light energy into ATP and NADPH?
What reactions convert light energy into ATP and NADPH?
What is the excitation of electrons in chlorophyll by light?
What is the excitation of electrons in chlorophyll by light?
What is a pathway transferring excited electrons during photosynthesis?
What is a pathway transferring excited electrons during photosynthesis?
What is the splitting of water into electrons, protons, and oxygen?
What is the splitting of water into electrons, protons, and oxygen?
What are conditions that maximize the rate of photosynthesis?
What are conditions that maximize the rate of photosynthesis?
What can increase light intensity in greenhouse environments?
What can increase light intensity in greenhouse environments?
What are used to enrich CO₂ levels for enhanced photosynthesis?
What are used to enrich CO₂ levels for enhanced photosynthesis?
What can affect plant health due to lack of essential nutrients?
What can affect plant health due to lack of essential nutrients?
What is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent?
What is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent?
What is the energy stored in chemical bonds that is produced by photosynthesis?
What is the energy stored in chemical bonds that is produced by photosynthesis?
What process results in the splitting of water into electrons, protons, and oxygen?
What process results in the splitting of water into electrons, protons, and oxygen?
What is a pathway for electrons releasing energy during photosynthesis?
What is a pathway for electrons releasing energy during photosynthesis?
What is a protein that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)?
What is a protein that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)?
What process is involved in ATP synthesis via a proton gradient?
What process is involved in ATP synthesis via a proton gradient?
What is the formation of NADPH from NADP⁺ by the addition of electrons?
What is the formation of NADPH from NADP⁺ by the addition of electrons?
What is the main pathway for producing ATP and NADPH that involves PSII and PSI?
What is the main pathway for producing ATP and NADPH that involves PSII and PSI?
What is the pathway that produces only ATP and no NADPH or oxygen?
What is the pathway that produces only ATP and no NADPH or oxygen?
What is the first photosystem involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the first photosystem involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the second photosystem that re-energizes electrons during the light-dependent reactions?
What is the second photosystem that re-energizes electrons during the light-dependent reactions?
What is the process where chlorophyll absorbs light energy?
What is the process where chlorophyll absorbs light energy?
What is the oxygen that is released during the splitting of water in photosynthesis?
What is the oxygen that is released during the splitting of water in photosynthesis?
What is the difference in proton concentration across the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis?
What is the difference in proton concentration across the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis?
What 5-carbon sugar is used in carbon fixation?
What 5-carbon sugar is used in carbon fixation?
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO₂ with RuBP?
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO₂ with RuBP?
What are the light-independent reactions that synthesize glucose from CO₂?
What are the light-independent reactions that synthesize glucose from CO₂?
What is the pathway of electrons from PSII to NADP⁺ during photosynthesis?
What is the pathway of electrons from PSII to NADP⁺ during photosynthesis?
What is the formation of ATP through chemiosmosis?
What is the formation of ATP through chemiosmosis?
What is the electron acceptor that is reduced to NADPH?
What is the electron acceptor that is reduced to NADPH?
What process generates electrons, protons, and oxygen?
What process generates electrons, protons, and oxygen?
What are electrons that have been energized by light in PSI?
What are electrons that have been energized by light in PSI?
What is the space where protons accumulate during electron transport?
What is the space where protons accumulate during electron transport?
What includes non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation?
What includes non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation?
What reactions convert light energy into chemical energy?
What reactions convert light energy into chemical energy?
What is the process where CO₂ combines with RuBP via the Rubisco enzyme?
What is the process where CO₂ combines with RuBP via the Rubisco enzyme?
Flashcards
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Process converting light energy into chemical energy.
Glucose
Glucose
C₆H₁₂O₆, energy storage molecule produced.
Oxygen
Oxygen
O₂, byproduct of photosynthesis process.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
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Chloroplast
Chloroplast
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Thylakoids
Thylakoids
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Stroma
Stroma
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Light-Dependent Reaction
Light-Dependent Reaction
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Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle
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Photolysis
Photolysis
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ATP
ATP
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NADPH
NADPH
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Cuticle
Cuticle
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Palisade Mesophyll
Palisade Mesophyll
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Spongy Mesophyll
Spongy Mesophyll
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Stomata
Stomata
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Veins
Veins
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Photosystems
Photosystems
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Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide
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Light Energy
Light Energy
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Chemical Energy
Chemical Energy
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Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
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Electron Transport
Electron Transport
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Air Spaces
Air Spaces
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Surface Area
Surface Area
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Waxy Cuticle
Waxy Cuticle
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Stomata
Stomata
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Guard Cells
Guard Cells
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy.
- Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is an energy storage molecule produced.
- Oxygen (O₂) is a byproduct of this process.
- Chlorophyll, a green pigment, facilitates light energy conversion.
- Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
- Thylakoids are membranes within chloroplasts involved in light-dependent reactions.
- Stroma is the fluid within chloroplasts, involved in light-independent reactions.
- The cuticle is a waxy layer preventing water loss from leaves.
- Palisade and spongy mesophyll layers maximize light absorption and gas exchange.
- Stomata are pores that regulate gas exchange and water loss.
- Veins transport water (xylem) and nutrients (phloem).
- Photosystems are pigment arrangements capturing light energy.
- Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a raw material used for glucose production.
- Light energy from the sun powers photosynthesis.
- Chemical energy is stored in glucose molecules.
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Non-cyclic photophosphorylation is the main process, using photosystems I and II to generate ATP and NADPH.
- Light is needed for this step; occurs in thylakoid membranes.
- Photolysis is the splitting of water, producing electrons, protons (H⁺), and oxygen.
- Electron transport chain facilitates electron transport, releasing energy to form ATP by chemiosmosis.
- ATP synthase synthesizes ATP using the proton gradient.
- NADPH is formed when NADP+ gains electrons.
- Photosystem II (PSII) initiates the process by absorbing light and exciting electrons.
- Photosystem I (PSI) re-energizes the electrons.
Calvin Cycle
- Light-independent reactions.
- The cycle uses CO₂ to make glucose.
- Rubisco binds CO₂ with RuBP initiating carbon fixation.
- 3-PGA is formed, which uses ATP and NADPH to become G3P.
- G3P molecules contribute to glucose synthesis.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Light intensity, temperature, water availability, and CO₂ concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis.
- Limiting factors restrict photosynthesis below optimal levels.
- Temperature affects enzyme activity and membrane fluidity.
- Artificial grow lights increase photosynthesis in controlled settings.
- Drought conditions lead to stomatal closure, reducing photosynthesis.
Other Key Concepts
- Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment, absorbing blue-violet and red light.
- Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (yellow, orange, red) are accessory pigments.
- Photoprotection dissipates excess light energy as heat.
- Paper chromatography separates plant pigments based on their solubility.
- Rf values indicate pigment travel during chromatography.
- Cyclic photophosphorylation generates ATP without NADPH and oxygen.
- Nutrient deficiencies (e.g., nitrogen, magnesium) can limit photosynthesis.
- Greenhouses and hydroponics provide controlled environments.
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Description
This quiz covers the process of photosynthesis, detailing how light energy is converted into chemical energy. Key components such as chlorophyll, chloroplasts, and the roles of glucose and oxygen are explored. Understand the importance of various structures involved in maximizing light absorption and gas exchange in plants.
