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Questions and Answers
Where do light-dependent reactions occur in chloroplasts?
Where do light-dependent reactions occur in chloroplasts?
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
False
What is the primary function of the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?
What is the primary function of the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?
To convert CO2 into glucose using ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions.
The energy released from the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration is used to produce _______________.
The energy released from the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration is used to produce _______________.
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What is an example of a provisioning service in an ecosystem?
What is an example of a provisioning service in an ecosystem?
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Match the following trophic levels with their descriptions:
Match the following trophic levels with their descriptions:
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Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
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What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Occur in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
- Light energy excites electrons, which are passed along electron transport chains
- ATP and NADPH produced
- Water is split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Occur in stroma of chloroplasts
- ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions used to convert CO2 into glucose
- Regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) occurs
Overall Equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Light intensity
- Temperature
- Water availability
- CO2 concentration
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
- Occurs in mitochondria
- Glucose broken down into CO2 and H2O, releasing energy (ATP)
- Energy released from electron transport chain used to produce ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
- Occurs in cytoplasm
- Glucose broken down into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2, releasing energy (ATP)
- No electron transport chain, less ATP produced
Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
Factors Affecting Respiration
- Temperature
- Oxygen availability
- Glucose concentration
Ecosystems
Trophic Levels
- Producer (plants, algae)
- Primary consumer (herbivore)
- Secondary consumer (carnivore)
- Tertiary consumer (apex predator)
Energy Transfer
- Energy lost as heat at each trophic level (10% rule)
- Energy available to each trophic level decreases
Food Chains and Webs
- Food chain: linear sequence of trophic levels
- Food web: complex network of food chains
Ecosystem Services
- Provisioning services (food, water, timber)
- Regulating services (climate regulation, pollination)
- Cultural services (recreation, tourism)
- Supporting services (soil formation, nutrient cycling)
Ecosystem Succession
- Primary succession: new habitat formation (e.g., volcanic island)
- Secondary succession: disturbance to existing habitat (e.g., forest fire)
Photosynthesis
- Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, producing ATP and NADPH through electron transport chains.
- Water is split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct during light-dependent reactions.
- ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions are used to convert CO2 into glucose during light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle).
- Regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) occurs during light-independent reactions.
- The overall equation of photosynthesis is: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2.
- Factors affecting photosynthesis include light intensity, temperature, water availability, and CO2 concentration.
Respiration
- Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria, breaking down glucose into CO2 and H2O, releasing energy (ATP).
- Energy is released from electron transport chain during aerobic respiration, producing ATP.
- Anaerobic respiration occurs in cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2, releasing energy (ATP).
- Anaerobic respiration has no electron transport chain, resulting in less ATP production.
- The respiration equation is: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP.
- Factors affecting respiration include temperature, oxygen availability, and glucose concentration.
Ecosystems
Trophic Levels
- Producers (plants, algae) form the base of trophic levels.
- Primary consumers (herbivores) feed on producers.
- Secondary consumers (carnivores) feed on primary consumers.
- Tertiary consumers (apex predators) feed on secondary consumers.
Energy Transfer
- Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level (10% rule).
- Energy available to each trophic level decreases.
Food Chains and Webs
- Food chains are linear sequences of trophic levels.
- Food webs are complex networks of food chains.
Ecosystem Services
- Provisioning services provide essential resources like food, water, and timber.
- Regulating services regulate climate, pollination, and other ecosystem processes.
- Cultural services provide recreational and tourism opportunities.
- Supporting services include soil formation and nutrient cycling.
Ecosystem Succession
- Primary succession occurs in new habitat formations (e.g., volcanic island).
- Secondary succession occurs in response to disturbances to existing habitats (e.g., forest fire).
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Description
Understanding the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, including the production of ATP and NADPH, and the conversion of CO2 into glucose.
