1082 Questions
What is the definition of a biosphere?
The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships
Who is an ecologist?
A scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environments
What is an ecosystem?
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
What do ecologists study in population ecology?
The environmental influences on population density and distribution
What is the highest level of ecological organization?
Biosphere
What is an example of a population?
A group of impalas in a game reserve
What is the definition of a community?
Different populations of organisms that interact in a specific area
Why is the size of a population likely to decrease if the river at St.Lucia estuary dries up?
Because of a lack of water, which is essential for their survival
What is the main difference between the zebra population in Kruger National Park and those in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi game reserve?
The location of the zebras
What is the definition of species?
A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
What is the primary function of predators in an ecosystem?
To maintain ecological balance
What is the term used to describe the boundaries of an ecosystem?
Interactions and processes
What do ecologists study to understand the structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems?
Interactions between biotic and abiotic components
What is the term used to describe organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms?
Decomposers
What is the process by which producers convert sunlight into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
To form the base of the food chain
What is the type of consumer that feeds directly on producers?
Herbivore
What is the term used to describe the interactions between organisms and their environment?
Trophic interactions
What is the by-product of photosynthesis?
Oxygen
What is the term used to describe an organism that eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the primary source of energy for sustaining life on Earth?
The Sun
What is the role of chlorophyll in plants?
To absorb light energy
What is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the energy stored within chemical bonds available for release in chemical reactions?
Chemical Potential Energy
What is the organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs?
Chloroplast
What is the simple sugar produced by plants during photosynthesis?
Glucose
What is the energy from the Sun in the form of?
Light and Heat
What is the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
What led to the extinction of dinosaurs?
Climate change
What is a major human factor contributing to the decline of the Riverine Rabbit?
Habitat destruction
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and provide safe havens for endangered species
What is an adaptation that allows organisms to blend in with their surroundings?
Camouflage
What type of adaptation involves physical characteristics of organisms that enhance survival?
Structural adaptations
What is the result of not adapting to environmental changes?
Species extinction
What is the term for the process through which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What is the main purpose of ecological monitoring?
To detect imbalances early and allow for timely interventions
What is the result of human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture?
Habitat destruction
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species that can disrupt local ecosystems?
Invasive species
Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the primary function of glucose produced during photosynthesis?
To serve as food for the plant
What is the purpose of using iodine in testing for photosynthesis?
To detect the presence of starch
What is the primary difference between glucose and starch?
Glucose is soluble, while starch is insoluble
What is the primary function of respiration in organisms?
To release energy from food
What is the by-product of respiration that is removed from the human body through exhalation?
Carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of using limewater in testing for carbon dioxide?
To detect the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the definition of ecology?
The study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment
What is the primary focus of ecology?
The interdependence of living things on one another and on non-living elements
What is the term for a scientist who studies the interactions between living organisms and their environment?
Ecologist
What is an ecosystem composed of?
Both living and non-living components
What is the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen?
Photosynthesis
What is the term for the seasonal movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migration
What is the term for the non-living components of an ecosystem?
Abiotic
What type of interaction occurs when two or more species compete for the same limited resource?
Competition
What is the term for the living components of an ecosystem?
Biotic
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is essential for the respiration of most living organisms?
Oxygen
What is the term for an organism that hunts and feeds on other organisms?
Predator
What is an example of mutualism?
Bees and flowers
What is the term for the natural environment where an organism resides?
Habitat
What is the main threat to rhinos in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the primary role of beneficial bacteria in the ecosystem?
Fixing nitrogen in plants
What is the term for microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye?
Microorganisms
What is the purpose of anti-poaching patrols in rhino conservation?
To prevent poaching and protect rhinos
What is the term for the kingdom of organisms that include both microscopic and macroscopic members?
Fungi
Who is considered the first microbiologist?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the primary way viruses replicate?
By infecting host cells
What is the term for the process of invading and multiplying within a host organism?
Infect
What is the purpose of mechanical removal in invasive species management?
To remove invasive species physically
What is the term for single-celled microorganisms that belong to the kingdom Monera?
Bacteria
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying matter and return vital nutrients to the soil
What is the term for the flow of energy from one organism to another within an ecosystem?
Food chain
What type of consumer is a lion?
Carnivore
What is the result of energy loss at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Decreased energy availability
What is the primary role of herbivores in an ecosystem?
To transfer energy to higher trophic levels
What is the term for the interconnectedness of various food chains within an ecosystem?
Food web
What is the term for an organism that consumes both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the result of predator-prey relationships in an ecosystem?
Balance and regulation of population sizes
What is the term for the organisms that break down dead or decaying matter in an ecosystem?
Decomposers
What is the term for the sequence of organisms that are eaten by each other in an ecosystem?
Food chain
What is the main advantage of biodiversity in ecosystems?
It enhances the efficiency of energy flow
What happens when a key species is removed from a food web?
It has cascading effects on the entire ecosystem
What is represented at the base of an energy pyramid?
Producers
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support organisms?
Limit
What is the result of a decrease in primary producers in an ecosystem?
A decline in primary consumers and subsequent trophic levels
What is the main factor influencing population growth in an ecosystem?
All of the above
What is the effect of climate change on ecosystems?
It can alter habitats, leading to shifts in population dynamics
What is the result of a disruption to the balance of an ecosystem?
Significant consequences for all species involved
What is the term for a species that is at risk of extinction due to a significant decline in its population or habitat?
Endangered
What is the main reason for the interconnectedness of species in an ecosystem?
They rely on each other for survival
What is the main purpose of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with their surroundings and avoid predators
What is the primary function of hibernation in animals?
To conserve energy during winter months
What is the main purpose of the umbrella-shaped canopy of the Umbrella Thorn Acacia tree?
To maximize light exposure while minimizing water loss
What is the main function of the baobab tree's ability to store water in its trunk?
To ensure a constant water supply during droughts
Why do plants have specific flowering times?
To bloom at specific times to attract the right pollinators
What is the main cause of the Riverine Rabbit's critically endangered status?
Habitat destruction
What is the main difference between natural disasters and human-induced changes?
Natural disasters are temporary, while human-induced changes are permanent
What is the main effect of pollution on ecosystems?
All of the above
What is the main effect of overexploitation on ecosystems?
It depletes populations faster than they can recover
What is the main effect of invasive species on ecosystems?
They outcompete native species for resources
What is the primary source of energy in food webs?
The Sun
What is the term for the graphical representation of energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy Pyramid
What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down organic matter and release nutrients
What is the term for an organism that eats primary consumers?
Secondary Consumer
What is the main reason for the pyramid shape of an energy pyramid?
The loss of energy at each trophic level
What is the term for a network of interconnected food chains?
Food Web
What is the consequence of human activities like overfishing, deforestation, and pollution on ecosystems?
Disruption of food chains and food webs, leading to declines in biodiversity and ecosystem health
What percentage of energy is converted into biomass and available to the next trophic level?
10%
What is the term for an organism that eats plants?
Primary Consumer
What is the importance of food webs in maintaining ecosystem stability and resilience?
They contribute to the stability and resilience of ecosystems
What role do fungi play in the ecosystem?
They play essential roles in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and food production
What is a characteristic of protists?
They can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like
Which of the following is an example of an animal-like protist?
Plasmodium
What is a positive impact of microorganisms?
They are used in the production of food and beverages
What is a negative impact of microorganisms?
They cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants
What is an industrial use of microorganisms?
They are used in all of the above
What is the primary goal of conservation efforts?
To protect and preserve the natural environment
Which of the following is a key threat to ecosystems?
Habitat destruction
What is the result of alien invasive species in an ecosystem?
Decreased biodiversity
What is the importance of biodiversity in ecosystems?
It contributes to ecosystem stability and resilience
What is the role of environmental organizations in conservation efforts?
To advocate for environmental protection and conduct research
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas?
To provide safe havens for wildlife and preserve critical ecosystems
What is the result of hunting and poaching on ecosystems?
Population declines and disruption of ecological balance
What is the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts?
It is crucial for the success of conservation projects
What is the long-term benefit of conservation efforts?
Ensuring natural resources are available for future generations
What is the role of legislation and policy in conservation efforts?
To protect the environment, control pollution, and prevent overexploitation
What is the role of herbivores in an ecosystem?
To transfer energy stored in plants to higher trophic levels
What type of consumer is a frog?
Carnivore
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying matter and return nutrients to the soil
What is a food web?
A complex representation of the feeding relationships within an ecosystem
What happens to energy as it is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
It is lost as heat
What is the role of omnivores in an ecosystem?
To occupy multiple trophic levels
What is the result of predator-prey relationships in an ecosystem?
A balance in population sizes
What is the primary function of primary consumers?
To transfer energy stored in plants to higher trophic levels
What is the role of insectivores in an ecosystem?
To help control insect populations
What is the term used to describe the process of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next?
Energy flow
What is the primary source of energy for sustaining life on Earth?
Radiant energy from the Sun
What is the term for the energy stored within chemical bonds, available for release in chemical reactions?
Chemical potential energy
What is the green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs?
Chloroplast
What is the simple sugar produced by plants during photosynthesis?
Glucose
What is the energy from the Sun in the form of?
Radiant energy
What is the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
What is the main focus of population ecology?
The study of populations in relation to their environment
What level of ecological organization consists of a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time?
Population
What is the level of ecological organization that studies the interactions between organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the term for the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
What is the term for a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
What is the main purpose of adaptations in animals?
To improve survival and reproduction
What is the level of ecological organization that studies the interactions between different species?
Community
What is camouflage?
A type of adaptation to blend in with surroundings
What is the purpose of the baobab tree's deep roots?
To access groundwater
What is the term for the study of the relationships between different populations of organisms?
Population Ecology
What is the term for the study of the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere Ecology
What is an example of a behavioral adaptation in plants?
The timing of flower blooming to attract pollinators
What is the primary reactant in the process of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide
What is the result of human activities such as habitat destruction and pollution?
Disruption of ecosystems
What is the term for events like floods, hurricanes, and droughts?
Natural disasters
What is the purpose of starch in plant cells?
To store energy for long-term use
Which of the following is a by-product of respiration?
Carbon dioxide
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species that can disrupt local ecosystems?
Invasive species
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plant cells?
To convert light energy into chemical energy
What is the result of not adapting to environmental changes?
Decreased survival rates
What is the term for the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
What is the term for the process through which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Evolution
What is the purpose of migration in animals?
All of the above
What is the primary difference between glucose and starch?
Glucose is sweet-tasting, while starch is not
What is the purpose of using iodine in testing for photosynthesis?
To detect the presence of starch
What is the primary function of respiration in organisms?
To release energy from food
What is the term for the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the purpose of using limewater in testing for respiration?
To detect the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the primary function of abiotic components in an ecosystem?
To interact with biotic components to maintain ecosystem balance
What is the result of the interaction between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem?
A balance in energy and nutrient flow
What is the role of photosynthesis in an ecosystem?
To convert sunlight into chemical energy
What is the term for the movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migrate
What is the type of symbiosis where one organism benefits at the expense of the other?
Parasitism
What is the term for the non-living physical and chemical elements of an ecosystem?
Abiotic
What is the by-product of respiration that is released into the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide
What is the type of interaction where two or more species compete for the same limited resource?
Competition
What is the term for the natural environment where an organism resides?
Habitat
What is the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
What is the primary function of predators in a ecosystem?
To control the population size of the prey
What is the foundation of any ecosystem?
Producers
What is the term used to describe organisms that eat both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the by-product of photosynthesis?
Oxygen
What is the term used to describe the pathways through which energy and nutrients flow within an ecosystem?
Trophic Interactions
What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem
What is the term used to describe an organism that primarily eats plants?
Herbivore
What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the term used to describe the interactions between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem?
Ecosystem Dynamics
What is the primary source of energy for sustaining life on Earth?
Sunlight
What is the primary reason for habitat destruction?
Deforestation for timber and agriculture
What is the result of disrupting the natural processes that allow ecosystems to recycle materials and maintain balance?
Disruption of ecosystem functions
What is the primary consequence of pollution from human activities?
Disruption of ecosystem functions and harm to wildlife
What is the role of alien invasive species in ecosystems?
They outcompete, prey on, or bring diseases to native species
Why is biodiversity important in ecosystems?
It contributes to ecosystem stability and provides benefits to humans
What is the result of harming one component of an ecosystem?
It leads to a ripple effect, impacting other components
What is the role of environmental organizations in conservation efforts?
They advocate for environmental protection and conservation
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and species
What is the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts?
It is essential for the success of conservation projects
What is the long-term benefit of conservation efforts?
The availability of natural resources for future generations
What is the primary benefit of biodiversity in ecosystems?
It enhances the efficiency of energy flow and reduces fluctuations in population.
What happens when a key species is removed from a food web?
It has a cascading effect on the entire ecosystem.
What is the primary function of primary producers in an ecosystem?
To capture solar energy and produce chemical energy.
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support organisms?
Limit
What is the result of a sudden and severe disruption to an ecosystem?
A permanent and irreversible change to the ecosystem.
What is the primary factor that influences population growth in an ecosystem?
All of the above
What is the term for the equilibrium between different trophic levels and resources in an ecosystem?
Balance
What is the primary consequence of a decline in primary producers in an ecosystem?
A disruption to the entire food chain.
What is the term for a species that is at risk of extinction due to a decline in its population or habitat?
Endangered
What is the primary benefit of an energy pyramid in an ecosystem?
It illustrates the distribution of energy among different trophic levels.
What is the main reason for the decline of rhino populations in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the primary focus of conservation efforts for invasive species?
Mechanical removal and biological control
What is the term for single-celled microorganisms that belong to the kingdom Monera?
Bacteria
What is the primary function of beneficial bacteria in the ecosystem?
Producing certain foods
What is the term for microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate within the cells of a host organism?
Viruses
Who is considered the first microbiologist?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the primary difference between fungi and bacteria?
Fungi belong to a separate kingdom and include both microscopic and macroscopic organisms
What is the term for a diverse group of microorganisms that do not fit neatly into the other kingdoms of life?
Protists
What is the term for the process by which microorganisms invade and multiply within a host organism?
Infect
What is the primary role of microorganisms in the ecosystem?
Decomposing organic matter and recycling nutrients
What is the primary source of energy for food webs and food chains?
The sun
What is the term used to describe the graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy pyramid
What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying organisms
What is the term used to describe the flow of energy from one organism to another in a linear sequence?
Food chain
What is the percentage of energy consumed at each trophic level that is used for an organism's metabolic processes?
90%
What is the term used to describe the complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem?
Food web
What is the term used to describe the organisms that eat producers?
Primary consumers
What is the result of human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, pollution, and climate change on feeding relationships within ecosystems?
Disruption of food chains and food webs
What is the term used to describe each step in a food chain or food web?
Trophic level
What is the role of conservation efforts and sustainable practices in maintaining ecological balance?
To mitigate human impacts on ecosystems
What is a role of beneficial fungi in the ecosystem?
Decomposition and nutrient cycling
What is a characteristic of protists?
They can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like
What is an example of a plant-like protist?
Algae
What is a negative impact of microorganisms?
Disease and infection
What is an industrial use of microorganisms?
Food and beverage production
What is an example of an animal-like protist?
Plasmodium
What is the main reason for the extinction of dinosaurs?
Sudden climate change event
What is the primary purpose of establishing protected areas?
To provide safe havens for endangered species
What is the term for the process through which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What is the main purpose of ecological monitoring?
To detect imbalances early and allow for timely interventions
What is the result of not adapting to environmental changes?
Extinction
What is the primary consequence of human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture?
All of the above
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species that can disrupt local ecosystems?
Invasive species
What is the primary purpose of conservation efforts?
To prevent the extinction of species
What is the term for an adaptation that allows organisms to blend in with their surroundings?
Camouflage
What type of adaptation involves physical characteristics of organisms that enhance survival?
Structural adaptation
What is the primary reactant in the process of respiration?
Glucose
What is the purpose of using iodine in testing for photosynthesis?
To test for the presence of starch
What is the primary function of glucose produced during photosynthesis?
To release energy for growth and maintenance
What is the by-product of respiration that is removed from the human body through exhalation?
Carbon dioxide
What is the primary difference between glucose and starch?
Glucose is sweet-tasting, while starch is not
What is the purpose of using limewater in testing for carbon dioxide?
To detect the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the primary function of respiration in organisms?
To release energy from food
Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the primary focus of ecology?
The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment
Which level of ecological organization includes a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the term used to describe the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
What is the term used to describe a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time?
Population
What is the level of ecological organization that includes different populations of organisms that interact in a certain area?
Community
What is the term used to describe the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Population Ecology
What is the term used to describe all the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area?
Community
What is the term used to describe a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
What is the term used to describe the interaction between organisms and their environment?
Interact
Which level of ecological organization is the global sum of all ecosystems?
Biosphere
What is the term used to describe the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings?
Ecology
What refers to the non-living physical and chemical elements of an ecosystem?
Abiotic
What is the process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen?
Photosynthesis
What type of interaction occurs when two or more species vie for the same limited resource?
Competition
What is the term for a long-term interaction between individuals of different species within a community?
Symbiosis
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is essential for the respiration of most living organisms?
Oxygen
What is the term for the process by which organisms break down glucose molecules to release energy for cellular processes?
Respiration
What is the natural environment where an organism resides?
Habitat
What is the term for an organism that hunts and feeds on other organisms (prey)?
Predator
What is the primary function of predators in an ecosystem?
To control the population size of prey
What is the result of the interactions between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem?
Balance and flow of energy and nutrients
What do producers convert sunlight into?
Chemical energy stored in glucose
What is the term for the movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migration
What is the term used to describe organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms?
Decomposers
What is the type of consumer that feeds directly on producers?
Herbivores
What is the term used to describe the interactions between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem?
Ecological interactions
What is the by-product of photosynthesis?
Oxygen
What is the term used to describe an organism that eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the primary source of energy for sustaining life on Earth?
Sunlight
What is the term used to describe the boundaries of an ecosystem?
Interactions and processes
What is the term used to describe the pathways through which energy and nutrients flow within an ecosystem?
Trophic interactions
What is the role of omnivores in food webs?
They play a flexible role in food webs.
What is the primary function of decomposers in ecosystems?
To break down dead or decaying matter.
What is characteristic of a food web?
Interconnectedness of various food chains.
What is the primary source of energy for sustaining life on Earth?
Sunlight.
What is the result of energy transfer through multiple trophic levels?
Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level.
What is the role of predators in ecosystem balance?
To regulate population sizes of herbivores.
What is the importance of insectivores in ecosystems?
They help control insect populations.
What is the primary function of herbivores in ecosystems?
To transfer energy from producers.
What is the result of inefficient energy transfer through trophic levels?
Energy is lost as heat.
What is the importance of nutrient cycling in ecosystems?
To support the growth of producers.
What is the result of removing a key species from a food web?
Cascading effects on the entire ecosystem
What is the main function of biodiversity in ecosystems?
To enhance the efficiency of energy flow
What is the relationship between the population of phytoplankton and zooplankton?
Phytoplankton are the food source for zooplankton
What happens to the remains of dead organisms in an ecosystem?
They are broken down by decomposers and return nutrients to the water and soil.
What is the primary source of energy for sustaining life on Earth?
The sun
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support organisms?
Limit
What is the term for a linear sequence of organisms where each is eaten by the next member in the chain?
Food chain
What is the primary consequence of a decline in primary producers in a savanna ecosystem?
A decline in secondary and tertiary consumers
What percentage of energy is lost at each trophic level in a food chain?
90%
What is the term for the equilibrium between different trophic levels and the resources available in an ecosystem?
Ecosystem balance
What is the primary cause of population decline in a species?
Natural disasters and climate change
What is the term for the complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem?
Food web
What is the role of primary consumers in an ecosystem?
To eat producers
What is the primary function of an apex predator in an ecosystem?
To regulate the population of secondary consumers
What is the result of human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, and pollution on feeding relationships within ecosystems?
Declines in biodiversity and ecosystem health
What is the term for the process by which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Evolution
What is the primary consequence of climate change on ecosystems?
A shift in population dynamics or even extinctions
What is the term for each step in a food chain or food web?
Trophic level
What is the purpose of conservation efforts and sustainable practices in ecosystems?
To maintain ecological balance and mitigate human impacts
What is the term for a graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy pyramid
What is the primary source of energy that sustains life on Earth?
Radiant energy from the Sun
What is the purpose of chlorophyll in plants?
To absorb light energy for photosynthesis
Which of the following is a storage form of glucose in plants?
Starch
What is the energy stored within chemical bonds available for release in chemical reactions?
Chemical potential energy
What is the main reason for the extinction of dinosaurs?
Climate change
Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
Chloroplast
What human activity has severely restricted the habitat of the Riverine Rabbit?
Habitat destruction and agricultural expansion
What is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and provide safe havens for endangered species
What type of adaptation involves physical characteristics of organisms that enhance survival?
Structural adaptation
What is the simple sugar produced by plants during photosynthesis?
Glucose
What is the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
What is the result of not adapting to environmental changes?
Extinction
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species that can disrupt local ecosystems?
Invasive species
What is the main purpose of ecological monitoring?
To detect imbalances early and allow for timely interventions
What is the result of human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture?
Habitat destruction
What is the term for the process through which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What is an adaptation that allows organisms to blend in with their surroundings?
Camouflage
What is the main purpose of behavioral adaptations in animals?
To improve survival and reproduction
What is the primary function of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with the surroundings
What is an example of a structural adaptation in plants?
Deep roots to access groundwater
What is the primary cause of the decline of the Riverine Rabbit?
Habitat destruction due to human activities
What is the term used to describe the introduction of non-native species that can disrupt local ecosystems?
Invasive species
What is the primary function of functional adaptations in plants?
To store water in arid regions
What is the result of not adapting to environmental changes?
Extinction
What is an example of a behavioral adaptation in plants?
Producing flowers at night
What is the primary difference between natural and human-induced environmental changes?
Natural factors are temporary, while human factors are permanent
What is the purpose of adaptations in organisms?
To survive and thrive in their environment
What is the primary reason for the conservation of ecosystems?
To preserve natural resources for future generations
What is a major threat to ecosystems?
Habitat destruction
What roles do fungi play in ecosystems?
Decomposition, nutrient cycling, and food production
What is the result of the loss of biodiversity in an ecosystem?
Decreased ecosystem services
What is a characteristic of plant-like protists?
They perform photosynthesis
What is the role of environmental organizations in conservation?
To advocate for environmental protection
What is an example of an industrial use of microorganisms?
Producing antibiotics
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and species
What is the result of harming one component of an ecosystem?
A ripple effect on other components
What is a negative impact of microorganisms?
Disease and infection
What is an example of an animal-like protist?
Plasmodium
What is a key factor in the decline of many species?
Hunting and poaching
What is the primary benefit of biodiversity?
Ecosystem stability
Where do protists typically live?
Aquatic environments
What is the role of legislation and policy in conservation?
To control pollution and prevent overexploitation
What is the importance of community involvement in conservation?
It plays a crucial role in conservation efforts
What is the main goal of conservation efforts?
To protect and preserve ecosystems and biodiversity
What is a major threat to rhino conservation in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the primary method used to observe microorganisms?
Microscope
What is the term for single-celled microorganisms that belong to the kingdom Monera?
Bacteria
What is the primary function of beneficial bacteria?
To fix nitrogen in plants
What is the term for microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate within the cells of a host organism?
Viruses
What is the primary function of fungi in an ecosystem?
To decompose organic matter
What is the term for a condition that impairs normal functioning and is often caused by microorganisms?
Disease
Who is considered the first microbiologist?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the primary method used to manage invasive species?
All of the above
What is the primary source of energy for sustaining life on Earth?
Radiant energy from the Sun
What is the green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What is the organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs?
Chloroplast
What is the energy stored within chemical bonds, available for release in chemical reactions?
Chemical potential energy
What is the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
What is the simple sugar produced by plants during photosynthesis?
Glucose
What is the term for the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the energy from the Sun in the form of?
Radiant energy
Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the primary function of glucose produced during photosynthesis?
Used as energy for growth and maintenance
What is the purpose of using iodine in testing for photosynthesis?
To detect the presence of starch
What is the primary function of respiration in organisms?
To release energy from food for growth and maintenance
What is the by-product of respiration that is removed from the human body through exhalation?
Carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of using limewater in testing for carbon dioxide?
To detect the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the primary difference between glucose and starch?
Glucose is soluble in water, while starch is not
What is the focus of ecology?
The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment
What is the process by which cells break down glucose to release energy?
Respiration
What is the simplified equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the role of omnivores in food webs?
To occupy multiple trophic levels
What happens to energy as it is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
It is lost as heat
What is the primary function of decomposers in ecosystems?
To break down dead or decaying matter
What is the characteristic of a food web that distinguishes it from a food chain?
It illustrates the interconnectedness of various food chains
What is the result of energy loss at each trophic level?
A decrease in the number of trophic levels
What is the role of herbivores in ecosystems?
To transfer energy from producers to higher trophic levels
What is the importance of predator-prey relationships in ecosystems?
To regulate population sizes
What is the primary function of insectivores in ecosystems?
To control insect populations and serve as prey for higher-level carnivores
What is the characteristic of a food chain?
It depicts the linear sequence of energy transfer
What is the importance of nutrient cycling in ecosystems?
To make nutrients available to producers
What is the primary source of energy for sustaining life on Earth?
The sun
What is the term used to describe the complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem?
Food web
What is the percentage of energy consumed at each trophic level that is used for the organism's metabolic processes?
90%
What is the term used to describe the flow of energy from one organism to another in a linear sequence?
Food chain
What is the role of primary consumers in an ecosystem?
To eat producers
What is the term used to describe the graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy pyramid
What is the result of energy loss at each trophic level?
Energy decreases at each trophic level
What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying organisms
What is the importance of food webs in ecosystems?
They contribute to the stability and resilience of ecosystems
What can significantly alter feeding relationships within ecosystems?
Human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, pollution, and climate change
A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time is referred to as:
Population
Which of the following levels of ecological organization includes a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the term for the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Population Ecology
Which level of ecological organization encompasses all living beings and their interactions with the elements of the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere?
Biosphere
What is the term for the relationships between organisms and their physical surroundings?
Ecology
Which of the following is an example of a community?
Impalas, zebras, lions, and different types of grasses in a game reserve
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecology
Which of the following is an example of a population?
Impalas in a game reserve
What is the term for a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
Which level of ecological organization is the most specific?
Population
What is the primary reason for the extinction of dinosaurs?
Climate change event
What is the main consequence of human activities such as deforestation and agriculture?
Habitat destruction and fragmentation
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and provide safe havens for endangered species
What is the term for the process through which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What type of adaptation involves physical characteristics of organisms that enhance survival?
Structural adaptation
What is the result of not adapting to environmental changes?
Extinction
What is the main purpose of ecological monitoring?
To detect imbalances in ecosystems
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species that can disrupt local ecosystems?
Invasive species
What is the primary function of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with their surroundings to avoid predators
What is the primary cause of the decline of the Riverine Rabbit?
Habitat destruction and agricultural expansion
What is an example of a behavioral adaptation in plants?
Flower timing to attract pollinators
What is the purpose of implementing sustainable practices?
To reduce the impact on ecosystems and preserve resources for future generations
What is the result of not adapting to environmental changes?
Extinction
What is an example of a natural factor that can disrupt ecosystems?
Natural disasters like floods
What is the purpose of hibernation in some animals?
To escape harsh weather
What is an example of a structural adaptation in plants?
Deep roots to access groundwater
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species that can disrupt local ecosystems?
Invasive species
What is an example of a functional adaptation in plants?
Water storage in trunks
What is the primary factor contributing to the decline of the Riverine Rabbit?
Habitat destruction
What is the term for the process through which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Evolution
What is the primary role of beneficial fungi in ecosystems?
To decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients
Which type of protist is capable of photosynthesis?
Algae
What is an example of a negative impact of microorganisms?
Causing disease in humans and animals
What is an industrial use of microorganisms?
Production of food and beverages
What is a role of microorganisms in ecosystems?
To decompose organic matter
What is an example of a positive impact of microorganisms?
Industrial applications
What is the primary function of abiotic components in an ecosystem?
To regulate the flow of energy and nutrients
During photosynthesis, what is the by-product released by plants?
Oxygen
What type of interaction occurs between two or more species competing for the same limited resource?
Competition
What is the process by which organisms break down glucose molecules to release energy for cellular processes?
Respiration
What is the term used to describe the long-term interaction between individuals of different species within a community?
Symbiosis
What is the term used to describe the living components of an ecosystem?
Biotic
What is the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen?
Photosynthesis
What is the term used to describe the movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migrate
What is the term used to describe the natural environment where an organism resides?
Habitat
What is the term used to describe an organism that hunts and feeds on other organisms?
Predator
What is the result of removing a key species from a food web?
Cascading effects on the entire ecosystem.
What is the primary role of biodiversity in ecosystems?
To reduce the impact of fluctuations in population sizes.
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support the organisms living there?
Limit
What is the effect of climate change on ecosystems?
It can lead to irreversible damage to ecosystems.
What is the result of a lack of resources in an ecosystem?
The population of certain species declines.
What is the term for the process by which organisms depend on specific resources for survival?
Resource dependence
What is the primary consequence of disrupting the balance of an ecosystem?
Significant consequences for all species involved.
What is the term for a species that is at risk of extinction due to a significant decline in its population or habitat?
Endangered
What is the term for the interactions between organisms and their environment?
Ecological interactions
What is the primary role of primary consumers in an ecosystem?
To consume primary producers
What is the primary goal of conservation efforts?
To promote sustainable livelihoods and engage communities
What is the main threat faced by rhinos in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the term for the process of microorganisms invading and multiplying within a host organism?
Infection
What is the term for single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments?
Bacteria
What is the term for a group of microorganisms that do not fit neatly into the other kingdoms of life?
Protist
What is the term for microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate within the cells of a host organism?
Virus
What is the term for the process of removing invasive species from an ecosystem?
Mechanical removal
What is the term for microorganisms that cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants?
Pathogenic microorganisms
What is the term for the process of raising public awareness about the importance of rhino conservation?
Raising public awareness
What is the term for the process of translocating rhinos to safer areas?
Translocation of rhinos
What is the main reason for conserving ecosystems?
To ensure that natural resources are available for future generations
What is a major threat to ecosystems?
Habitat destruction and pollution
What is the role of environmental organizations in conservation?
Advocating for environmental protection and conducting research
What is a consequence of disrupting ecosystem balance?
Population declines and loss of ecosystem services
What is the importance of biodiversity in ecosystems?
It contributes to the resilience and stability of ecosystems
What is the result of hunting and poaching?
Population declines and disruption of ecological balance
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and species
What is the impact of alien invasive species on ecosystems?
They outcompete, prey on, or bring diseases to native species
What is the importance of community involvement in conservation?
It is crucial for the success of conservation projects
What is the result of global warming?
Disruption of habitats and survival of many species
What is the primary role of predators in an ecosystem?
To control the population size of their prey
What is the term used to describe organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic substances?
Producers
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is released into the atmosphere?
Oxygen
What is the term used to describe the interactions between organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the type of consumer that feeds directly on producers?
Herbivores
What is the term used to describe organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms?
Decomposers
What is the foundation of any ecosystem?
Producers
What is the term used to describe the flow of energy and nutrients within an ecosystem?
Trophic interactions
What is the primary function of aquatic plants in a pond ecosystem?
To produce oxygen through photosynthesis
What is the term used to describe organisms that eat both plants and animals?
Omnivores
What is the unit of measurement for mass?
Kilogram (kg)
What is the definition of density?
The measure of how much mass of a material fits into a given volume
What is the calculation for volume?
Multiplying the length, width, and height of the object
What is the unit of measurement for volume?
Liter (L)
What is an example of a unit of measurement for mass?
Gram (g)
What is the relationship between mass and volume?
Density is the ratio of mass to volume
What is the definition of a physical quantity?
A property of a material or system that can be measured
What is the purpose of understanding mass, volume, and density?
To describe the properties of materials accurately
What happens to the particles when water freezes?
They arrange themselves in a crystalline structure that takes up more space
Why does oil float on water?
Because oil is less dense than water
What is the term for a group of particles or atoms that are close together?
Cluster
Why do gases have a lower density than solids and liquids?
Because their particles are farther apart
What happens to the density of a gas when it expands to fill a larger container?
It decreases
What determines the density of a material?
The behavior and arrangement of its particles
Why can we observe the differences in densities of liquids by layering them in a container?
Because the less dense liquid will float on top of the more dense liquid
What happens to the particles of a material when it is heated?
They speed up and move further apart
What is the effect of oil spills on marine life?
It poisons marine life
Why does sand have a high density?
Because its particles are closely packed together
Why do materials tend to expand when heated and contract when cooled?
Because of changes in their particle behavior
What is the purpose of expansion joints in concrete roads?
To prevent cracking due to thermal expansion
What is the term for the measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume?
Density
What is the purpose of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To compare the densities of different states of matter
What happens to the liquid inside a thermometer when the temperature increases?
It expands and rises
Why are bridges designed with expansion joints?
To accommodate the contraction and expansion of materials
What is the result of heating a material?
It becomes less dense
What is the term used to describe the increase in size of a material when it is heated?
Expansion
What happens to the particles of a material when it is cooled?
They speed up and move closer together
Why is it important to consider thermal expansion and contraction in engineering and construction projects?
To prevent damage and ensure structural integrity
What happens to the particles when a gas is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
They have more space to move.
What is a sign of a chemical reaction?
All of the above.
What is formed when a chemical reaction occurs between calcium carbonate and acetic acid?
Carbon dioxide gas, water, and calcium acetate.
Why does pressure decrease when a gas is cooled?
Particles move slower.
What happens to the density of a gas when it is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
It decreases.
What is another way to identify a chemical reaction?
Using our senses (smell, heat, sound).
What is the result of a chemical reaction between the calcium carbonate in an eggshell and acetic acid?
The eggshell dissolves.
What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume increases?
It decreases.
What is a characteristic of a chemical reaction?
It involves the transformation of substances into new substances.
What is necessary for a chemical reaction to occur?
The presence of substances (reactants) that can be transformed into new substances (products).
What happens to particles in a chemical reaction?
They break their bonds and form new bonds to create the products
What is a reactant?
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction
What is the purpose of coefficients in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction
What is fermentation?
A metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes
What is a characteristic of a chemical reaction?
The reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms to form new compounds
What is the result of a chemical reaction?
The transformation of reactants into products
What is an example of a chemical reaction?
The combustion of coal in oxygen to form carbon dioxide
What is a way to detect a chemical reaction?
By looking for unique and noticeable changes
What is a product?
A substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction
What is a characteristic of a compound?
It is composed of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together
What is the formula to calculate density?
D = m/V
What is a characteristic of dense materials?
High mass in a given volume
What is the purpose of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To compare the densities of different materials with the same volume
What is the arrangement of particles in solids?
Particles are closely packed in a regular, fixed arrangement
What is the density of gases compared to solids and liquids?
Lower than solids and liquids
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
It decreases
What is the term used to describe the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
What is the purpose of measuring the volume and mass of an object?
To calculate its density
What is the arrangement of particles in liquids?
Particles are close together but can move around each other
What is the result of a substance changing from a liquid to a gas?
Its density decreases
What is the product of the combustion of ammonium dichromate?
Nitrogen gas, water, and chromium oxide
Which of the following fields is NOT an application of chemistry in careers?
Biology
What is Marie Curie known for?
Her research on radioactivity
What is the chemical equation for the combustion of ammonium dichromate?
(NH_4)_2Cr_2O_7 → N_2 + 4H_2O + Cr_2O_3
What is the role of chemists in their careers?
To develop new materials and improve existing products
What is the primary purpose of understanding the expansion and contraction of materials?
To prevent structural failures and prolong the lifespan of buildings
What happens to the length of a metal rod when it is heated?
It increases
What is the force that gas particles exert when they collide with the walls of their container?
Gas pressure
What is the effect of increasing the number of gas particles in a container?
The pressure increases
What happens to the pressure of a gas when it is heated?
It increases
What is the purpose of a pressure gauge?
To measure the pressure of a gas
What is the result of decreasing the volume of a gas?
The pressure increases
What is the effect of cooling a gas on its pressure?
The pressure decreases
What happens to the particles of a gas when it is heated?
They move faster
What is the primary factor that affects the pressure of a gas?
The number of particles in the gas
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 1000 grams?
Kilogram (kg)
What is the physical quantity that is a measure of the amount of space an object occupies?
Volume
What is the definition of density?
The measure of how much mass of a material fits into a given volume
What happens to the particles in a gas when the volume decreases?
They have less space to move
What is the unit of measurement for volume that is equal to 1000 milliliters?
Liter (L)
What is a sign of a chemical reaction?
A change in colour
What is the term for a property of a material or system that can be measured?
Physical Quantity
What happens to the density of a gas when it is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
It decreases
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 0.001 grams?
Milligram (mg)
What is the purpose of using vinegar in the example activity?
To react with the calcium carbonate in the eggshell
What determines how tightly packed the particles in a material are?
Density
What is the term for a process in which substances are transformed into new substances with different chemical properties?
Chemical reaction
What is the unit of measurement for volume that is equal to 1 milliliter?
Cubic Centimeter (cm³)
What is the result of a chemical reaction in the example activity?
The shell of the egg dissolves
What is a sign of an exothermic reaction?
A release of heat
What is the term for the container used to carry out a chemical reaction?
Reaction flask
What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume increases?
It decreases
What is the purpose of observing the reaction in the example activity?
To identify the signs of a chemical reaction
What is the product formed when ammonium dichromate burns in oxygen?
All of the above
What is the main contribution of chemists in their careers?
All of the above
What is Marie Curie known for?
Her research on radioactivity
What is the reaction of ammonium dichromate burning in oxygen an example of?
Chemical reaction and formation of specific products
What fields of science do chemists contribute to?
All of the above, including medicine, environmental science, forensic science, and materials science
Which of the following has the lowest density?
Gases
What happens to the particles in a solid when it is heated?
They spread out
What is the purpose of expansion joints in concrete roads?
To prevent cracking due to thermal expansion
What happens to the material when it is cooled?
It contracts
What is the term used to describe the increase in size of a material when it is heated?
Expansion
How do particles behave in a liquid?
They are close but can move around each other
What is the term used to describe the decrease in size of a material when it is cooled?
Contraction
What is the principle used in thermometers to measure temperature changes?
Expansion and contraction
What happens to the density of a material when it is heated?
It decreases
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Tightly packed in a regular pattern
What is the purpose of heating the metal rod in the activity 'Observing Expansion and Contraction'?
To demonstrate the expansion of the metal rod
What is the definition of gas pressure?
The force exerted by gas particles when they collide with the walls of their container
Why does ice float on water?
Because ice is less dense than water
What happens to the gas particles when a gas is heated?
They move faster and gain energy
What is the effect of increasing the volume of a gas on its pressure?
The pressure decreases
What is density a measure of?
The heaviness of an object per unit volume
What is the term for a group of particles or atoms that are close together?
Cluster
What is the purpose of a pressure gauge?
To measure the pressure of a gas
What happens to the length of a metal rod when it is cooled?
It decreases
Why does oil float on water?
Because oil is less dense than water
What is the result of the expansion of a gas when transferred from a smaller container to a larger one?
The density of the gas decreases
What is the effect of decreasing the number of gas particles on the pressure of a gas?
The pressure decreases
What is the purpose of the practical activity comparing the densities of different materials?
To compare the densities of different materials in each state
What is the purpose of the activity 'Measuring Gas Pressure'?
To measure the pressure inside a balloon
What is the result of heating a gas?
The particles move faster and gain energy
Why is it challenging to clean up oil spills?
Because oil spreads over a large area and forms a thin layer on the surface
How do particles arrange themselves in a solid, such as sand?
In a fixed, rigid structure with closely packed particles
What is the relationship between the number of collisions and the pressure of a gas?
More collisions result in higher pressure
What is the term for the effect or influence of one thing on another?
Impact
Why do liquids layer on top of each other in a container?
Because of their different densities
What is the formula to calculate density?
Mass / Volume
What is an example of a dense material?
A piece of cake
What is the objective of the activity comparing different materials?
To compare the densities of different materials
What is the arrangement of particles in solids?
Closely packed in a regular, fixed arrangement
What is the density of gases compared to solids and liquids?
Lower than solids and liquids
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
It decreases
What is the term for the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
What is the arrangement of particles in liquids?
Close together but can move around each other
What is the result of a substance changing from a liquid to a gas?
Its density decreases
What is the term for the amount of space an object occupies?
Volume
What is the reason why ice floats on water?
Because the particles in solid water are arranged in a crystalline structure that takes up more space
What is the term used to describe a group of particles or atoms that are close together?
Cluster
Why does oil float on water?
Because oil is less dense and forms clusters that float on water
What is the result of the expansion of gases from a smaller container to a larger one?
The gas becomes less dense
What is the term used to describe the effect or influence of one thing on another?
Impact
What is the reason why sand has a high density?
Because its particles are close together and have strong forces of attraction
What is the result of layering liquids of different densities in a container?
The less dense liquid floats on top
What happens to the density of a material when its particles are more tightly packed?
It becomes more dense
Why is it challenging and expensive to clean up oil spills?
Because oil floats on water and forms a thin layer
What is the term used to describe liquids that do not mix well?
Immiscible
What determines the density of a material?
The behavior and arrangement of its particles
What happens to the particles of a material when it is heated?
They move faster and push further apart
What is the result of thermal expansion in materials?
Expansion
Why are expansion joints left between sections of concrete roads?
To allow for thermal expansion
What is the purpose of designing bridges with expansion joints?
To accommodate the contraction and expansion of materials
How do thermometers measure temperature changes?
By using a thermometer that expands and contracts with temperature changes
What happens to the particles of a material when it is cooled?
They move slower and come closer together
What is the term used to describe the increase in size of a material when it is heated?
Expansion
Why is it important to consider the expansion and contraction of materials in engineering projects?
To prevent damage due to thermal expansion and contraction
What is the result of not considering the expansion and contraction of materials in engineering projects?
Damage to the structure due to thermal expansion and contraction
What is the term for a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction?
Reactant
What is the result of the rearrangement of atoms during a chemical reaction?
The formation of new compounds
What is the role of coefficients in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction
What is the primary reason for understanding the expansion and contraction of materials?
To prevent structural failures and prolong the lifespan of buildings and other structures
What is the term for a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes?
Fermentation
What is the result of the reaction between carbon and oxygen?
Carbon dioxide
What happens to the length of a metal rod when it is heated?
It increases
What is gas pressure?
The force exerted by gas particles on the walls of their container
What is the term for a substance composed of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together?
Compound
What is the purpose of a chemical equation?
To represent the reactants and products of a chemical reaction
What is the effect of increasing the temperature of a gas?
The gas particles move faster
What is the term for the process of detecting chemical reactions?
Chemical change
What is the purpose of a pressure gauge?
To measure the pressure of a gas
What happens to the pressure inside a container when it is squeezed into a smaller volume?
The pressure increases
What is the result of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen?
Water
What is the term for the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction?
Chemical equation
What is the effect of adding more gas particles to a container?
The pressure increases
What is the result of cooling a gas?
The gas particles lose energy
What is the primary factor affecting gas pressure?
The number of gas particles
What is the purpose of measuring gas pressure?
To ensure the safe operation of a system
What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume is decreased?
It increases
What is a sign of a chemical reaction?
The formation of gas
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 1000 grams?
Kilogram
What is the term for the amount of space an object occupies?
Volume
What happens to the density of a gas when it is moved to a larger container?
It decreases
What is the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
What is formed when a chemical reaction involves the transformation of substances into new substances with different chemical properties?
A product
What is the purpose of using our senses to identify chemical reactions?
To determine if a chemical reaction has taken place
What is the unit of measurement for volume that is equal to 1000 milliliters?
Liter
What is the result of a chemical reaction between vinegar and an eggshell?
The dissolution of the eggshell
What is the property of a material or system that can be measured?
Physical Quantity
What is a characteristic of a chemical reaction?
The reaction involves the transformation of substances into new substances with different chemical properties
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 0.001 grams?
Milligram
What is an example of a sign of a chemical reaction that can be identified using our sense of smell?
The smell of rotten eggs
What is the definition of mass?
The amount of matter in an object
What is the role of a reaction flask in a chemical reaction?
To contain the reaction and allow observation
What is the unit of measurement for volume that is equal to 1 milliliter?
Cubic Centimeter
What is the term for the process in which substances are transformed into new substances with different chemical properties?
Chemical reaction
What is the definition of a reactant?
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction.
What happens to particles during a chemical reaction?
They break their bonds and form new bonds.
What is the term for a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction?
Chemical Equation
What is the term for a substance composed of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together?
Compound
What is fermentation?
A metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes.
What is a product in a chemical reaction?
A substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction.
What is an example of a compound?
Water (H2O)
What is the result of a chemical reaction?
The rearrangement of atoms to form new compounds.
What is the term for numbers placed before the formulae in a chemical equation to indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction?
Coefficients
What can be evidence that a chemical reaction has taken place?
All of the above
What is the product of the combustion of ammonium dichromate?
Nitrogen gas, water, and dark green chromium oxide
What is a common application of chemistry in careers?
Both A and B
Who is a renowned chemist and physicist known for her research on radioactivity?
Marie Curie
What is the color of the sparks produced when ammonium dichromate burns in oxygen?
Bright orange
What is the formula for ammonium dichromate?
(NH_4)_2Cr_2O_7
What is the formula to calculate density?
D = m/V
What is the term for the amount of matter in an object?
Mass
Which state of matter has a high density due to closely packed particles?
Solid
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
It decreases
Why does a dense material feel heavy for its size?
Because it has a high mass in a given volume
What is the purpose of comparing different materials with the same volume but different densities?
To understand how density affects the 'heaviness' of objects
What is the arrangement of particles in a gas?
Far apart and moving freely
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a liquid to a gas?
It decreases
Why does a less dense material feel light for its size?
Because it has a low mass in a given volume
What is the purpose of measuring the mass and volume of an object?
To calculate its density
What is the main reason why ice floats on water?
Because ice is less dense than water
What is the term used to describe the measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume?
Density
What happens when gas from a smaller container is transferred to a larger container?
It becomes less dense
Why does oil float on water?
Because oil is less dense than water
What is the result of the strong forces of attraction between particles in sand?
A high density
What is the term used to describe a group of particles or atoms that are close together?
Cluster
What is the environmental impact of oil spills?
It poisons marine life
Why do different liquids layer on top of each other?
Because of their density
What is the purpose of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To compare the densities of different materials
What is the result of particles being tightly packed in a material?
A higher density
What is the formula to calculate density?
D = m / V
What is the characteristic of a dense material?
High mass in a given volume
What is the result of particles in a chemical reaction?
They break their bonds and form new bonds to create products
What is the objective of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To understand how density affects the 'heaviness' of objects
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Particles are closely packed in a regular, fixed arrangement
What is a reactant?
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction
What is the definition of a compound?
A substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
Its density decreases
What is the purpose of fermentation?
To produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is the characteristic of a gas?
Particles are far apart and move freely
What is a chemical equation?
A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction where the reactants and products are expressed using their chemical formulae
Why does a material feel heavy for its size?
Because it is more dense
What is the unit of measurement for volume?
Cubic centimeters (cm³)
What is an example of a chemical reaction?
All of the above
What is the term for the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
What is the result of a chemical reaction?
The reactants are transformed into products
What is the purpose of measuring the mass and volume of a material?
To calculate its density
What is a product?
A substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction
What is the purpose of coefficients in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction
What is fermentation used to produce?
Various products, including alcoholic beverages and fermented foods
What is the primary reason for layering different liquids according to their densities?
To demonstrate the concept of density and particle behavior
What happens to the particles in a solid when it is heated?
They move faster and spread out
What is the primary reason for using expansion joints in concrete roads?
To accommodate thermal expansion and contraction
What happens to the particles in a material when it is cooled?
They slow down and come closer together
What is the purpose of a thermometer?
To measure the temperature of a material
What is the term for the process of materials changing in size when they are heated or cooled?
Thermal expansion and contraction
What is the effect of heating on the density of a material?
It decreases the density of the material
What is the primary purpose of designing bridges with expansion joints?
To accommodate thermal expansion and contraction
What is the term for the increase in size of a material when it is heated?
Expansion
What is the unit of measurement for mass?
Kilogram (kg)
What is the primary reason for the creaking noises in tin-roofed houses on hot days?
The metal panels are expanding and contracting
What is the definition of volume?
The amount of space an object occupies
What is density a measure of?
The measure of how much mass of a material fits into a given volume
What is a physical quantity?
A property of a material or system that can be measured
What is the unit of measurement for 1 liter?
10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm
What is an example of a unit of measurement for mass?
Kilogram
What is the unit of measurement for 1 cubic centimeter?
1 milliliter
What is the relationship between mass and volume in density?
Density is the ratio of mass to volume
What is the primary reason why understanding thermal expansion and contraction is important in construction?
To prevent structural failures and prolong the lifespan of buildings
What happens to the length of a metal rod when it is heated?
It increases
What is the force exerted by gas particles colliding with the walls of their container called?
Gas pressure
What happens to the pressure of a gas when it is heated?
It increases
What is the effect of decreasing the volume of a gas on its pressure?
It increases the pressure
What is the purpose of a pressure gauge?
To measure the pressure of a gas
What is the product of the combustion of ammonium dichromate?
Chromium oxide and nitrogen gas
Which field of science does Marie Curie contribute to?
Physics and Chemistry
What happens to the pressure of a gas when more particles are added to it?
It increases
What is the significance of Marie Curie's Nobel Prizes?
She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in two different scientific fields
What is the effect of cooling a gas on its pressure?
It decreases the pressure
What is the role of chemists?
To discover new compounds and develop new materials
What is the purpose of the activity 'Measuring Gas Pressure'?
To observe how the pressure of a gas changes when more air is added
Which of the following fields involves the use of chemistry?
Medicine, Environmental Science, and Forensic Science
What happens to the particles of a gas when it is heated?
They move faster
What happens when a gas is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
Its density decreases
What is a sign of a chemical reaction?
A change in colour
What is formed when a gas is produced during a chemical reaction?
Bubbles
What is the purpose of using our senses to identify chemical reactions?
To observe changes in the properties of the substances involved
What is the result of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide?
The release of heat
What is the purpose of the experiment to remove an eggshell with a chemical reaction?
To show how a chemical reaction can be used to achieve a specific goal
What happens to the particles in a gas when its volume is decreased?
They have less space to move
What is the result of increased collisions between particles in a gas?
Increased pressure
What is the definition of a chemical reaction?
A process in which substances are transformed into new substances with different chemical properties
What is the purpose of the reaction flask in a chemical reaction?
To carry out the chemical reaction
What is a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
How are airborne diseases typically transmitted?
Through droplets in the air
What is an increase in body temperature often due to?
Infection
How can pathogens enter the body?
Through cuts or wounds
What is the term for the spread of pathogens from one host to another?
Transmitted
What can cause waterborne diseases?
Untreated and contaminated water
What can happen if food is prepared without proper hygiene?
It becomes contaminated with bacteria
What is the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
What is the role of beneficial gut bacteria in the human body?
To aid in digestion and nutrient absorption
What is the purpose of yeast in bread making?
To convert sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol
What is the primary application of microorganisms in the food industry?
Fermentation and food processing
What is the term for a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means?
Element
What is the significance of microorganisms in environmental sustainability?
They are involved in sewage treatment and bioremediation
Who is credited with introducing the concept of atoms to the scientific community?
Democritus
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What is the term for a simplified representation of a complex concept or phenomenon to aid understanding?
Model
What is the purpose of microorganisms in biotechnology?
To produce biofuels and pharmaceuticals
What is the primary function of fermentation in food processing?
To convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol
What is the central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons?
Nucleus
What determines the identity of an element?
Atomic number
What is the role of yeast in brewing beer and wine?
To ferment sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide
What is the primary application of microorganisms in medicine?
To develop antibiotics and vaccines
What are the three types of sub-atomic particles that make up an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is the term for a fundamental principle or assumption that is accepted without proof as the basis for reasoning?
Postulate
What is the term for the smallest unit of a chemical element?
Atom
Who developed the modern atomic model, which represents atoms as composed of a nucleus with electrons orbiting around it?
Modern scientists
What is the term for a particle with a negative charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom?
Electron
What is the term for the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom?
Atomic mass
What is the primary way to prevent the spread of pathogens?
Regular hand washing
Which disease is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes?
Malaria
What is the role of decomposers in ecosystems?
To break down dead plant and animal matter
What is the term for the conversion of nitrogen from the air into a form that plants can use?
Fixation
Who is the French chemist and microbiologist who made significant contributions to medical microbiology?
Louis Pasteur
What is the term for a substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria?
Antibiotic
How is HIV primarily transmitted?
Through unprotected sex with an infected person
What is the role of sterilized equipment in medical settings?
To prevent infections like HIV
What is the term for the process of converting sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation
What is the term for the symbiotic relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
Mutualism
What is the charge of a neutron?
Neutral
What determines the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons
What is the significance of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom?
They are responsible for chemical bonding
What is a pure substance?
A material that consists of only one type of matter throughout
What is the modern model of the atom often referred to as?
The electron cloud model
What is the role of protons in the nucleus?
They attract negatively charged electrons
What is the significance of neutrons in the nucleus?
They stabilize the nucleus by reducing electrostatic repulsion
What is an example of an element?
Copper (Cu)
What is the term used to describe the force that holds atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bond
What is the term used to describe a substance made up of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together?
Compound
What is the primary characteristic of a compound?
It is made up of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together in fixed ratios.
What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the purpose of chemical formulae?
To represent the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule
What is the main characteristic of particles in a solid?
They are closely packed and vibrate in their fixed positions.
What occurs during a decomposition reaction?
The breaking of chemical bonds between atoms
What happens to particles during diffusion?
They move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What is a characteristic of particles in a solid state?
They are closely packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement.
What is the main difference between a mixture and a pure substance?
The way the components are physically combined
What is the primary factor that affects the rate of diffusion in particles?
All of the above
What is the term for a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded?
Mixture
What happens to particles during the process of evaporation?
They gain enough energy to break free from the liquid state.
What is the main difference between the arrangement of particles in liquids and gases?
Particles in liquids are closer together than in gases.
What is the purpose of the particle model of matter?
To describe changes of state and the energy changes involved.
What is the term for the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bonds
What happens to particles when they move randomly in a zigzag path?
They spread out and mix.
What is the term used to describe the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the result of the decomposition of water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases?
The decomposition of a molecule into its constituent elements
What happens to particles during the process of condensation?
They lose energy and settle into fixed positions.
What is a characteristic of particles in a liquid state?
They are close together but not in a fixed arrangement.
What is the term for the distinction between similar things or people?
Distinction
What is the reason for the rigidity of table salt crystals?
The particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement.
What is the term used to describe the movement of particles in a gas state?
Random
What is the primary characteristic of a pure substance?
It is composed of only one type of matter throughout
What is the characteristic of particles in a liquid?
They are closely packed but not in a fixed arrangement.
What happens to particles during the process of melting?
They gain energy and move out of their fixed positions.
What is the role of forces of attraction between particles in a solid?
They hold particles in place.
What is the result of increased temperature on particle movement?
Particles move faster.
What is the purpose of controlled experiments in the particle model of matter?
To test hypotheses and understand phenomena
What is a characteristic of particles in a gas state?
They are far apart and move randomly.
What is the term used to describe the spaces between particles?
Empty
What is the main difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made up of only one type of atom, while compounds are made up of different types of atoms.
What is the particle model of matter?
A scientific theory that explains the structure and behavior of matter in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
What is a mixture?
A substance that consists of different kinds of particles that are not chemically bonded.
What is the main difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures?
Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in composition, while heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform in composition.
What is the classification of oxygen (O2) in terms of matter?
Element
What is the classification of saltwater in terms of matter?
Homogeneous mixture
What is the classification of granite in terms of matter?
Heterogeneous mixture
What is the main difference between pure substances and mixtures?
Pure substances are made up of only one type of particle, while mixtures are made up of different kinds of particles.
What is the classification of water (H2O) in terms of matter?
Compound
What is the classification of air in terms of matter?
Homogeneous mixture
What is the term for the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
What occurs when a solid is heated to its melting point?
It changes into a liquid
What is the term for the gaseous state of a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature?
Vapour
What is the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?
Evaporation
What is the term for the transformation of matter from one physical state to another?
Change of state
What is the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state?
Sublimation
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?
Solidifying
What is the term for the process by which a gas changes to a solid without passing through the liquid state?
Deposition
What is the term for the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance?
Temperature
What is the term for the process by which a liquid is heated to a temperature at which bubbles form throughout the liquid and rise to the surface?
Boiling
What is a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
How can pathogens be transmitted through the air?
Through airborne droplets
What is an example of a waterborne disease?
Cholera
How can pathogens enter the body through direct contact?
Through cuts or wounds
What is the term for making something impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance?
Contaminate
What is the term for the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
What is an example of a foodborne illness?
Salmonella
What is an increase in body temperature often due to infection?
Fever
What do beneficial gut bacteria, such as E. coli, help with in the human body?
Aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption
What is the primary function of yeast in bread making?
Converting sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol
What is the purpose of microorganisms in sewage treatment plants?
Breaking down organic matter
Who discovered penicillin by chance in 1928?
Alexander Fleming
What is the primary application of fermentation in industrial processes?
Food processing
What is the role of microorganisms in biotechnology?
All of the above
What is the purpose of microorganisms in bioremediation?
Breaking down pollutants into less harmful substances
What is the primary function of yeast in brewing and winemaking?
Fermenting sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol
What is the primary way to prevent the spread of pathogens?
Regular hand washing with soap and warm water
What is the result of microorganisms fermenting sugars?
Conversion of sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol
Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne transmission?
Malaria transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes
What is the role of microorganisms in the food industry?
Fermenting food
What is the primary role of decomposers in ecosystems?
To break down dead plant and animal matter
What is the term for the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form?
Nitrogen fixation
What is the primary function of vaccination?
To stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens
Which of the following is a way to prevent the transmission of HIV?
Practicing safe sex
What is the term for a substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria?
Antibiotic
What is the role of Louis Pasteur in combating infectious diseases?
He developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax
What is the primary function of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in ecosystems?
To convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants
Why is hand hygiene important in preventing the spread of pathogens?
It reduces the risk of transmitting infections
What is the location of neutrons in an atom?
Atomic nucleus
What is the charge of electrons?
Negative
What determines the atomic number and identity of an element?
Number of protons
What is the role of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?
To stabilize the nucleus
What is the modern model of the atom referred to as?
Electron cloud model
What is an example of a pure substance?
Water (H2O)
What is the significance of protons in an atom?
They determine the atomic number and identity of an element
What is the definition of a compound?
A substance made up of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together
What is the role of electrons in chemical bonding?
They form chemical bonds
What is an example of an element?
Copper (Cu)
What is the main characteristic of elements?
They are made up of single atoms.
What is an example of a compound?
Water (H2O)
What is the main characteristic of mixtures?
They consist of different kinds of particles that are not chemically bonded.
What is air an example of?
Homogeneous mixture
What is a flowchart used for in classifying matter?
To visualize the classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures
What is the particle model of matter?
A scientific theory that explains the structure and behavior of matter
What are the incredibly small particles that make up matter?
Atoms or combinations of atoms bonded together
What is a scientific theory?
A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world
What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
Rocks
What is the objective of the activity 'Distinguishing Between Pure Substances and Mixtures'?
To apply the principles learned to classify different materials as pure substances or mixtures
What is the definition of a compound?
A pure substance that consists of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together in fixed ratios
What is the purpose of a chemical formula?
To represent the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule
What occurs during decomposition reactions?
A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances
What is the main difference between a mixture and a compound?
The physical combination of substances versus chemical bonding
What is the result of the chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule?
The holding of atoms together in a molecule
What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the purpose of a chemical equation?
To indicate the chemical reaction and the substances involved
What is the term for a pure substance that consists of only one type of matter?
Element
What is the result of the formation of new chemical bonds between different atoms?
The formation of new substances
What is the term for the breaking of chemical bonds between atoms?
Decomposition reaction
What is the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?
Evaporation
What is the term for the transformation of matter from one physical state to another?
Change of state
What is the result of a solid being heated to its melting point?
It changes into a liquid
What is the term for the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
What is the energy of the particles in a substance at a higher temperature?
Higher
What is the result of a liquid being cooled to its freezing point?
It changes into a solid
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Closely packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement
What happens to particles during melting?
They gain energy and move out of their fixed positions
What is the term for the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state?
Sublimation
What is the term for the process by which a gas changes to a solid without passing through the liquid state?
Deposition
What is the result of particles gaining enough energy to break free from the liquid state?
Evaporation
What is the term for the gaseous state of a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature?
Vapour
What is the purpose of the particle model of matter?
To describe the behavior of matter in its three states
What is the term for the process by which a solid is heated to its melting point and changes into a liquid?
Melting
What is the definition of compress?
To press or squeeze together, reducing volume
What is the term used to describe the movement of particles in a gas?
Constant motion
What is the result of particles losing energy and coming closer to form a liquid?
Condensation
What is the definition of diffusion?
To spread out or scatter
What is the term used to describe the speed at which something happens?
Rate
What is the main purpose of controlled experiments in science?
To test hypotheses
What is the primary characteristic of particles in a solid state?
They are closely packed and vibrate in place.
What is the main difference between the arrangement of particles in a solid and a liquid?
Solids have a fixed arrangement, while liquids have a random arrangement.
What is the main characteristic of gases?
They are highly compressible.
What is the process of diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What factor affects the rate of diffusion?
The mass of the particles.
What is the result of the random movement of particles in liquids and gases?
Particles spread out and mix.
What is the primary difference between diffusion in liquids and gases?
Diffusion in gases is faster than in liquids.
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Closely packed and regularly arranged.
What is the movement of particles in a liquid?
They move around each other and slip past each other.
What is the characteristic of particles in a gas?
They are far apart and move rapidly.
What is an element?
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
What is the term used to describe the central part of an atom?
Atomic Nucleus
Who reintroduced the idea of atoms to the scientific world?
John Dalton
What is the purpose of scientific models?
To simplify complex concepts or phenomena to aid understanding
What determines the identity of an element?
Atomic Number
What are the three types of sub-atomic particles that make up an atom?
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
What is the result of John Dalton's postulates?
The understanding of elements and their properties
What is the term used to describe the building blocks of matter?
Atoms
What is the process by which atoms combine to form compounds?
Atomic Bonding
What is the purpose of the Periodic Table of Elements?
To arrange elements in order of increasing atomic number
What is an element in chemistry?
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
Who introduced the concept of atoms in ancient Greece?
Democritus
What are the three main sub-atomic particles that make up an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is the importance of scientific models in understanding complex concepts?
They help us understand and predict the behavior of complex phenomena
What determines the identity of an element?
Atomic number
What is the role of electrons in an atom?
They orbit the nucleus
What is the term for the central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons?
Atomic nucleus
What is the term for particles smaller than an atom that make up its structure?
Sub-atomic particles
What is John Dalton's contribution to the development of atomic theory?
He introduced the concept of atoms to the scientific world
What is the significance of the atomic number in an element?
It determines the identity of an element
What is the primary way to prevent the spread of pathogens?
Regular hand washing with soap and warm water
What is the name of the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
HIV
What is the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form?
Nitrogen-fixing
What is the role of decomposers in ecosystems?
To break down dead plant and animal matter
What is the name of the French chemist and microbiologist who developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax?
Louis Pasteur
What is the term for a substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria?
Antibiotic
How is HIV transmitted?
Through unprotected sex with an infected person
What is the term for the process by which sugar is converted into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation
What is the purpose of using sterilized equipment in medical settings?
To reduce the risk of infection
What is the role of beneficial gut bacteria in the human body?
They compete with harmful bacteria and aid in digestion and nutrient absorption.
What is the role of legumes in ecosystems?
To fix atmospheric nitrogen
What is the primary function of protons in an atom?
To determine the atomic number
What is the primary function of fermentation in food production?
To convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol.
What is the importance of microorganisms in environmental sustainability?
They are involved in the breakdown of organic matter and treatment of sewage.
What is the significance of neutrons in an atom?
They contribute to the atomic mass
What is the electron cloud model?
A model that shows the atom as a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons
What is the significance of Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin?
It revolutionized the field of medicine through the development of antibiotics.
What is a pure substance?
A material that consists of only one type of matter throughout
What is the application of microorganisms in biotechnology?
They are used to produce insulin, human growth hormones, and other pharmaceuticals.
What is the role of microorganisms in food processing?
They are used in fermentation and other processes to produce food products.
What is an element?
A pure substance that consists of only one kind of atom
What is the function of electrons in an atom?
To determine the chemical properties of an element
What is the relationship between plants and bacteria in soil?
Plants provide glucose to bacteria and bacteria provide nutrients to plants.
What is the charge of neutrons?
Neutral
What is the purpose of yeast in baking?
To convert sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol, causing the dough to expand.
What is the significance of microorganisms in medical applications?
They are used to produce antibiotics and vaccines.
What is the significance of the atomic model?
It helps us understand the behavior and interaction of atoms in different chemical reactions
What is the purpose of understanding pure substances?
To understand chemical reactions and properties
What is the role of microorganisms in bioremediation?
They are used to clean up oil spills and pollutants.
What is a compound?
A substance made up of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together
What is a molecule composed of?
Groups of atoms bonded together
What is the purpose of chemical formulae?
To represent the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule
What is the main difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made up of single atoms, while compounds are made up of two or more different kinds of atoms
What is the term for a mixture that has a uniform composition throughout?
Homogeneous mixture
What occurs during decomposition reactions?
A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances
What is a characteristic of pure substances?
They are composed of only one type of matter throughout
What is the main characteristic of the particle model of matter?
Matter is made up of incredibly small particles
What is the main difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made up of one kind of atom, while compounds are made up of two or more kinds of atoms
What is the term for a pure substance that consists of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded in a fixed ratio?
Compound
What is the term for a mixture that has a non-uniform composition?
Heterogeneous mixture
What is the result of chemical bonds forming between atoms?
New substances are formed
What is the term for the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bonds
What is the particle model of matter a scientific explanation of?
The structure and behavior of matter in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas
What is a characteristic of mixtures?
They are composed of two or more substances that are physically combined
What is the term for a pure substance that consists of single atoms?
Element
What is the purpose of chemical equations?
To indicate the chemical changes that occur during a reaction
What is the main purpose of classifying matter?
To understand the structure and behavior of matter
What is the term for a scientific explanation that is well-substantiated and based on a body of evidence and repeated experiments?
Theory
What is the result of breaking chemical bonds between atoms?
A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances
What is the term for an observable event or fact, especially one that is not fully understood?
Phenomenon
What is the primary characteristic of particles in a solid?
They vibrate in their fixed positions
What is the main difference between the properties of liquids and gases?
Liquids have a fixed shape, while gases do not
What is the term for the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What affects the rate of diffusion?
The mass of particles, state of matter, temperature, and space between particles
What is the result of particles moving randomly in a liquid?
Particles spread out and mix
What is the primary difference between diffusion in liquids and gases?
Diffusion is faster in gases than in liquids
What is the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?
Evaporation
What is the term for the change from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state?
Sublimation
What is the term for the forces that pull particles towards each other?
Forces of attraction
What is the term for the repeating pattern of particles in a solid?
Regular arrangement
What is the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
What is the primary characteristic of particles in a gas?
They are far apart
What is the term for the change from a gas directly to a solid without passing through the liquid state?
Deposition
What is a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
What is the result of particles moving randomly in a gas?
Particles spread out and fill available space
What happens to the particles when a solid is heated to its melting point?
They vibrate more vigorously and break free from their fixed positions
How can pathogens spread through the air?
Through droplets in the air
What is an example of a waterborne disease?
Cholera
What is the result of cooling a liquid?
The particles lose energy and slow down
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?
Solidifying
What is the term for the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
What is the term for the process by which a solid changes to a liquid?
Melting
How can food become contaminated with pathogens?
Through improper handling and hygiene
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Particles are closely packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement
What is the term for the temperature at which a liquid boils?
Boiling point
What is an example of a disease transmitted through direct contact?
Tetanus
What happens to particles during melting?
Particles gain energy and move out of their fixed positions
What is the term for making something impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance?
Contaminate
What is the term for the gaseous state of a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature?
Vapour
What is the term for the spread of pathogens from one host to another?
Transmission
What is the main difference between the forces between particles in a solid and a liquid?
The forces are weaker in a liquid
What is the result of condensation?
Gas to liquid
Why is the particle model of matter useful?
It explains the properties of different states of matter
What occurs during sublimation?
Solid to gas
What is the primary focus of the particle model of matter?
Understanding the behavior of particles in different states of matter
What is the result of particles gaining energy in a solid?
Particles move out of their fixed positions
What is the purpose of controlled experiments in the particle model of matter?
To test hypotheses and understand phenomena
What is the result of particles losing energy in a gas?
Particles come closer to form a liquid
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