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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of light reactions in photosynthesis?
Where do light reactions take place within chloroplasts?
What are thylakoids stacked together called?
Which component of the photochemical system helps to harness light?
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What distinguishes Photosystem I from Photosystem II?
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What is a primary product of the light reactions?
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In photosystems, energy from light is first absorbed by which molecules?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the ATPase enzyme in the light reactions?
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What are the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis responsible for?
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In photosynthesis, what do the electrons return to during cyclic photophosphorylation?
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What is the role of photolysis in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
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Which process does not require light energy to occur?
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Which compound is reduced to form NADPH during photosynthesis?
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What is the significance of the membrane electron transport system in photosynthesis?
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Which of the following statements about cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation is correct?
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Which of the following is a byproduct of photolysis that occurs in photosynthesis?
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What is the net yield of ATP molecules from glycolysis for each molecule of glucose?
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What happens to pyruvic acid if oxygen is present after glycolysis?
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What are the byproducts produced alongside acetyl CoA in the reaction of pyruvic acid?
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What role does the TCA cycle play in cellular metabolism?
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Which components are involved in the electron transport chain?
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In glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are used in the first step?
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What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?
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Which of the following statements is true about the intermediates in the TCA cycle?
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What is the maximum yield of ATP molecules per molecule of glucose after complete cellular respiration?
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Which process does not require oxygen or the Krebs cycle?
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During lactic acid fermentation, which byproduct is primarily produced from sugars?
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How many ATP molecules are produced specifically by substrate-level phosphorylation during fermentation?
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What role do microorganisms play in lactic acid fermentation?
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What is the initial substrate used in lactic acid fermentation in dairy products?
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Which of the following statements about fermentation is false?
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What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
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What occurs to NAD+ during fermentation?
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What happens when white light strikes an object?
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Which color of light is most likely reflected by chlorophyll?
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What is true about photons?
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How can white light be separated into its component colors?
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During which season do many plants lose their chlorophyll?
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Which of the following is NOT a property of light as it interacts with objects?
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What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Basics
- Photosynthesis involves light reactions (light-dependent) that occur in the chloroplasts' thylakoids and capture light energy to power the process.
- Chlorophyll absorbs all colors except green, which is reflected, giving plants their green appearance.
- Two types of chlorophyll exist: Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b, which have different roles in photosynthesis.
Light Reactions
- Light energy is captured by light-harvesting pigments and transferred to reaction center chlorophyll-a molecules.
- A stack of thylakoids is known as a granum; stroma is the internal space of chloroplasts.
- Functional components of a photochemical system include light harvesting pigments, an electron transport system, and ATPase enzyme.
Photosystems
- Two types of photosystems are present: Photosystem I and Photosystem II, each playing distinct roles in the light reactions.
- Energy excitation occurs, followed by electron transport and chemiosmosis to create ATP.
ATP Production
- Cyclic photophosphorylation returns electrons to chlorophyll, while non-cyclic photophosphorylation reduces NADP+ using electrons from water (H2O) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Photosynthesis Processes
- Light reactions power the overall photosynthesis while dark reactions (light-independent) can occur without light and involve glycolysis.
- Dark reactions utilize enzymes for a series of reactions converting glucose into pyruvic acid, yielding a net of two ATP molecules per glucose.
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle
- The TCA cycle (Krebs Cycle) converts all carbon into CO2, with the byproduct being acetyl CoA after reacting pyruvic acid with coenzyme A.
- TCA plays a central role in carbon flow within cells and supplies precursor molecules for biosynthesis.
Electron Transport Chain
- Electrons carried by NADH enter the electron transport chain, which consists of flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones.
- Up to 34 ATP molecules can be generated via the electron transport chain, culminating in a maximum yield of 38 ATP per glucose molecule.
Fermentation
- Fermentation is an anaerobic process that generates energy from organic molecules by oxidation without using O2, Krebs cycle, or electron transport chain.
- It produces two ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Lactic acid fermentation is crucial in dairy product manufacturing, where microorganisms convert milk sugars to lactic acid.
- Fermentation can occur naturally in unrefrigerated milk, leading to spoilage, while specific fermentation is used in cheese production.
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Description
Test your understanding of the fundamentals of photosynthesis, focusing on the light reactions that occur in chloroplasts. This quiz covers chlorophyll types, the structure of thylakoids, and the function of photosystems in capturing light energy and producing ATP.