Photosynthesis Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in preparing leaf pigments?

  • Weigh 2 grams of leaves
  • Quickly immerse leaves in water (correct)
  • Grind leaves with absolute acetone
  • Blot the leaves with towel tissue
  • What should be the depth of the solvent in the chromatography paper during the separation of pigments?

  • 5 mm
  • 20 mm
  • 15 mm (correct)
  • 10 mm
  • Which step should be performed after grinding the leaf pieces with acetone?

  • Transfer them directly into the chromatography chamber
  • Make a spot on chromatography paper with the extract (correct)
  • Allow them to dry without further processing
  • Add water to dilute the extract
  • What should be ensured regarding the spot of extract when placing the chromatography paper in the chamber?

    <p>The spot should not touch the solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for ensuring the chromatograph is undisturbed during the experiment?

    <p>Do not shake or move the tube for at least 15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pigments in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigment primarily absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light?

    <p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do carotenoids primarily play in plants?

    <p>Accessory pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigment is responsible for the red to blue coloration depending on pH?

    <p>Anthocyanins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do anthocyanins serve in plants besides attracting pollinators?

    <p>Repelling predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary pigment found in plants?

    <p>Lycopene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about xanthophylls is accurate?

    <p>They do not absorb energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a secondary function of carotenoids in addition to helping with photosynthesis?

    <p>Antioxidant function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>To convert solar energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major event in the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>Nitrogen is fixed into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where within the plant does photosynthesis primarily occur?

    <p>Leaves, specifically the mesophyll cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules are produced through photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxygen and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of carbohydrate is used by plants for long-term energy storage?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of stomata in plants?

    <p>To exchange gases and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes glucose as a carbohydrate?

    <p>It is a monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the photosynthesis equation, what do the 6CO2 and 6H2O represent?

    <p>Raw materials required for the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the Rf value in chromatography?

    <p>Rf = (Distance travelled by the compound) / (Distance travelled by the solvent)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the solvent play in the chromatography process?

    <p>It carries the pigments at different rates up the paper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is NOT required for the chromatography procedure?

    <p>Rubber gloves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the chromatography experiment, how high should the loading spot be from the solvent level?

    <p>1.5 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do smaller pigment molecules travel faster than larger ones during chromatography?

    <p>Smaller molecules have lower molecular weight and are more mobile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of repeating the drop of pigment extract multiple times on the chromatography paper?

    <p>To concentrate the pigment for clearer separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point should the chromatographic strip be removed from the chamber?

    <p>When the solvent rises about 3/4th up the strip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies that the pigments have been successfully separated?

    <p>Different pigments appear at various distances on the strip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that plants appear green?

    <p>Chlorophyll reflects green wavelengths instead of absorbing them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction involves the loss of electrons or the gain of oxygen?

    <p>Oxidation Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

    <p>As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT negatively affect photosynthesis when it becomes excessive?

    <p>High levels of Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

    <p>It absorbs specific wavelengths of light for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pigments is true?

    <p>Pigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when temperature is low?

    <p>The rate of photosynthesis decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

    <p>Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis Overview

    • Anabolic, endergonic process using CO2 and light energy to produce glucose and O2.
    • Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
    • Three main events:
      • Conversion of sunlight to chemical energy.
      • Splitting of water into oxygen.
      • Fixation of carbon dioxide into sugars.

    Glucose in Plants

    • Glucose serves as energy for various chemical reactions.
    • Can be converted into polysaccharides, such as cellulose and starch.
    • Cellulose provides structural support in cell walls, while starch acts as a long-term energy storage.

    Location of Photosynthesis

    • Takes place in plant leaves, specifically:
      • Stoma: pores for gas exchange.
      • Mesophyll cells: where chloroplasts are located.

    Role of Chloroplasts

    • Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis.
    • Contain structures like thylakoids and stroma essential for light absorption and energy conversion.

    Why Plants are Green

    • Chlorophyll in thylakoid membranes absorbs blue and red wavelengths, reflecting green light.
    • Green color indicates the reflection of unabsorbed wavelengths.

    Redox Reactions

    • Involves transfer of electrons. Two types:
      • Oxidation: loss of electrons or gain of oxygen.
      • Reduction: gain of electrons or loss of oxygen.

    Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

    • Light Intensity: Increased light leads to higher photosynthesis rates.
    • Carbon Dioxide Concentration: More CO2 enhances photosynthesis.
    • Temperature:
      • Low temperatures reduce the rate.
      • Higher temperatures increase it until a threshold is exceeded.

    Plant Pigments

    • Pigments are molecules absorbing specific light wavelengths.
    • Main pigments in plants:
      • Chlorophyll: absorbs red and blue light, reflects green.
      • Carotenoids: red, orange, or yellow pigments acting as accessory pigments.
      • Xanthophylls: oxidized carotenes that do not absorb energy.
      • Anthocyanins: water-soluble pigments appearing red to blue depending on pH.
      • Betalins: red or yellow pigments synthesized from tyrosine.

    Roles of Different Pigments

    • Chlorophyll captures light for photosynthesis.
    • Carotenoids absorb wavelengths not captured by chlorophyll and have antioxidant roles.
    • Anthocyanins attract pollinators, repel pests, and protect against environmental stress.
    • Xanthophylls and betalins contribute color and have protective functions.

    Chromatography of Pigments

    • Technique used to separate and identify chloroplast pigments based on their molecular size and mobility.
    • Involves grinding plant leaves, applying the extract to a filter paper, and using a solvent to carry pigments up the paper.
    • Different pigments separate by moving at varying distances, allowing for visual identification and analysis.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of photosynthesis, including its key processes and the chemical equations involved. Discover how light energy is transformed into chemical energy through this essential biological process. Test your knowledge on the significance and mechanisms of photosynthesis.

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