Photosynthesis and Trophic Organization
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Questions and Answers

What is the general equation of photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

Which of the following organisms are considered photoautotrophs?

  • Fungi
  • Green plants (correct)
  • Humans
  • Bacteria

    • Heterotrophs can make organic molecules from inorganic sources.

    False (B)

    What organelles in plants and algae carry out photosynthesis?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?

    <p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of photosynthesis with their characteristics:

    <p>Light Reaction = Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and produces ATP and NADPH Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) = CO2 is taken up and reduced to a carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main products of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do leaves appear green?

    <p>They reflect green wavelengths of light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Heterotroph

    An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.

    Autotroph

    An organism that makes its own food from inorganic sources.

    Photoautotroph

    An autotroph that uses light energy for photosynthesis.

    Photosynthesis

    Process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy (sugars).

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    Chloroplast

    Organelle where photosynthesis takes place in plants and algae.

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    Chlorophyll

    Green pigment in chloroplasts essential for photosynthesis.

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    Light Reactions

    First stage of photosynthesis, converts light energy to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).

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    Calvin Cycle

    Second stage of photosynthesis, converting CO2 into sugar.

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    Stroma

    Fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle occurs.

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    Thylakoid

    Flattened membrane sacs inside chloroplasts, site of light reactions.

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    Grana

    Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.

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    Photosynthetic Pigments

    Molecules that absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

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    Electromagnetic radiation

    Energy that travels in waves.

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    Photon

    A particle of light energy.

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    Pigments absorb wavelengths

    They absorb colors and reflect others

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    Electromagnetic spectrum

    All possible forms of electromagnetic radiation.

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    Mesophyll

    Spongy tissue within a leaf where photosynthesis occurs.

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    Stomata

    Tiny pores on a leaf that allow gas exchange.

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    Vascular tissue

    Transport system in plants that carries water.

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    ATP

    Energy-carrying molecule crucial for cell functions.

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    NADPH

    Energy-carrying molecule used in photosynthesis.

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    Chlorophyll a

    Primary pigment used in photosynthesis.

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    Chlorophyll b

    Accessory pigment used in photosynthesis.

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    Carotenoids

    Pigments that absorb other wavelengths crucial for photosynthesis.

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    Study Notes

    Trophic organization

    • Heterotrophs must consume organic molecules to survive
    • Autotrophs produce their own organic molecules from inorganic sources
    • Photoautotrophs use light as energy
    • Green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs

    Photosynthesis

    • Green plant leaves are where photosynthesis occurs.
    • Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy (carbohydrates).
    • Overall formula: CO2 + H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
    • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is reduced
    • Water (H2O) is oxidized
    • The biosphere is driven by photosynthesis.
    • Photosynthesis replenishes organic molecules used by cells.

    Chloroplast

    • Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae.
    • They contain green pigment called chlorophyll.
    • Most photosynthesis occurs in the mesophyll of leaves.
    • Stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit the leaf.
    • Water is transported from roots to the stem via vascular tissue.

    Chloroplast anatomy

    • Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water diffuse into the chloroplast.
    • The stroma is the fluid inside the chloroplast. It contains enzymes that convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
    • Thylakoids are the flattened, sac-like membranes within the stroma. They are the sites of photosynthesis.
    • Thylakoids are stacked in groups called grana.
    • Chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membranes absorb solar energy for photosynthesis.

    2 stages of photosynthesis

    • Two sets of reactions are involved in photosynthesis:

      • The light reactions are the first stage of photosynthesis and occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. During this process, chlorophyll, the green pigment found in these membranes, captures sunlight. This solar energy is then transformed into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The energy captured is used for the subsequent stage of photosynthesis, while water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

      • Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and energizes electrons.

      • These energized electrons move through an electron transport system.

      • Energy is captured and used to produce ATP.

      • Energized electrons are also used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

      • Overall, light energy is converted into ATP and NADPH.

      • Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction):

        • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is reduced to a carbohydrate within the stroma.
        • This reduction process requires ATP and NADPH.

    Light energy

    • Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
    • The electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light, a range of wavelengths from short to long.
    • Light also behaves as particles called photons.
    • Shorter wavelengths have more energy.

    Photosynthetic pigments

    • They absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect others.
    • Leaves appear green because they reflect green wavelengths.
    • Light absorption excites electrons to higher energy levels.
    • The specific wavelengths absorbed by a pigment are determined by the energy required to excite electrons.
    • Excited electrons are unstable and release energy as heat and light.
    • Captured light energy can be transferred to other molecules for cellular work.

    Pigments

    • Photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy.
    • Pigments in chloroplasts include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
    • Chlorophyll a and b are important for photosynthesis and absorb violet, blue, and red light.
    • Carotenoids are important for fall color changes when chlorophyll degrades.

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    Photosynthesis Chapter 8 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the processes of photosynthesis, the roles of autotrophs and heterotrophs, and the structure of chloroplasts. Test your understanding of how energy flow supports life in ecosystems and the significance of photosynthesis in the biosphere.

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