Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two fundamental processes by which plants and other organisms produce energy and remove waste products?
What are the two fundamental processes by which plants and other organisms produce energy and remove waste products?
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
What is the byproduct of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the byproduct of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
Oxygen gas (O2)
Which process in photosynthesis involves the conversion of atmospheric CO2 into organic compounds?
Which process in photosynthesis involves the conversion of atmospheric CO2 into organic compounds?
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Where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotic cells?
Where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotic cells?
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What are the two products of respiration when glucose is broken down?
What are the two products of respiration when glucose is broken down?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Overview
Photosynthesis and respiration are two fundamental processes by which plants and other organisms produce energy and remove waste products. These metabolic activities are interconnected, as photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide into glucose during the daytime, while respiration breaks down the stored glucose into ATP and releases water and CO2 during the night. Both processes involve cellular respiration and require oxygen from the atmosphere.
Stages of Photosynthesis
Light Dependent Reactions
The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. They involve the absorption of sunlight by pigments like chlorophyll and carotenoids, which excites electrons and generates high-energy phosphates through photochemistry. This process also produces oxygen gas (O2) as a byproduct.
Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions
The Calvin cycle, also known as dark reactions, occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves the conversion of atmospheric CO2 into organic compounds. This process uses the energy stored in ATP and NADPH created during the light-dependent reactions. After being fixed as bicarbonate, CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules such as glucose and other sugars.
Stages of Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and involves three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle), and electron transport chain. It breaks down food molecules to generate ATP for energy and releases CO2 and water as byproducts.
Fermentation
In the absence of oxygen or when oxygen availability is limited, anaerobic fermentation can occur as an alternative pathway to produce small amounts of ATP. This process does not release as much energy as cellular respiration but still generates some ATP while producing ethanol, lactic acid, acetic acid, or other organic compounds.
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Description
Explore the interconnected processes of photosynthesis and respiration, essential for energy production and waste removal in plants and organisms. Learn about the stages of photosynthesis like light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle, as well as the stages of respiration including cellular respiration and fermentation.
