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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of photosynthesis in plants?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis in plants?
- Releasing energy
- Building sugars (correct)
- Building proteins
- Extracting energy from sugars
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration in plants?
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration in plants?
- Building sugars
- Releasing energy
- Extracting energy stored in sugars (correct)
- Building proteins
What type of work does ATP primarily perform in living cells?
What type of work does ATP primarily perform in living cells?
- Mechanical Work
- Transport Work
- Structural Work
- Chemical Work (correct)
Why are plants green?
Why are plants green?
What happens to the free energy in a closed system?
What happens to the free energy in a closed system?
What is the main reason why living systems do not reach equilibrium?
What is the main reason why living systems do not reach equilibrium?
What is the primary reason for plants to use light energy to build organic molecules?
What is the primary reason for plants to use light energy to build organic molecules?
What is the critical process in both respiration and photosynthesis involving electron transfer?
What is the critical process in both respiration and photosynthesis involving electron transfer?
What is the water potential of pure water in an open beaker at room temperature?
What is the water potential of pure water in an open beaker at room temperature?
What does the solute potential of a solution depend on?
What does the solute potential of a solution depend on?
What supports plant cells and tissues, especially young, non-woody tissues?
What supports plant cells and tissues, especially young, non-woody tissues?
What is the main driving force for the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem?
What is the main driving force for the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem?
What is the function of Casparian strip in the endodermis?
What is the function of Casparian strip in the endodermis?
What allows water to withstand transpiration according to the Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis?
What allows water to withstand transpiration according to the Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis?
What is the main mechanism for the transport of xylem sap from roots to leaves?
What is the main mechanism for the transport of xylem sap from roots to leaves?
What is the result of increased surface tension during transpiration according to the Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis?
What is the result of increased surface tension during transpiration according to the Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis?
What is the driving force for the movement of xylem sap against gravity?
What is the driving force for the movement of xylem sap against gravity?
Which structural adaptation helps reduce evaporative water loss in plants adapted to arid climates?
Which structural adaptation helps reduce evaporative water loss in plants adapted to arid climates?
What is the primary component of phloem sap in flowering plants?
What is the primary component of phloem sap in flowering plants?
What is the function of companion cells in the phloem?
What is the function of companion cells in the phloem?
What triggers the opening and closing of stomata?
What triggers the opening and closing of stomata?
What drives the movement of phloem sap from source to sink?
What drives the movement of phloem sap from source to sink?
What is the primary cause of guttation in plants?
What is the primary cause of guttation in plants?
What prevents vessel elements and tracheids from collapsing under negative pressure in the xylem?
What prevents vessel elements and tracheids from collapsing under negative pressure in the xylem?
What is the main factor determining the rate of transpiration in plants?
What is the main factor determining the rate of transpiration in plants?
What is the primary mechanism for sugar loading into sieve-tube elements in the phloem?
What is the primary mechanism for sugar loading into sieve-tube elements in the phloem?
What is the driving force for the movement of water in the xylem?
What is the driving force for the movement of water in the xylem?
What is the primary pathway for water loss in plants?
What is the primary pathway for water loss in plants?
What did W. Engelmann experiment with in 1883?
What did W. Engelmann experiment with in 1883?
Who discovered purple sulfur bacteria using H2S in photosynthesis?
Who discovered purple sulfur bacteria using H2S in photosynthesis?
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Why does chlorophyll appear green?
Why does chlorophyll appear green?
Which molecules are included in photosynthetic pigments?
Which molecules are included in photosynthetic pigments?
Where does light energy transduction occur?
Where does light energy transduction occur?
What does cyclic phosphorylation in PSI produce?
What does cyclic phosphorylation in PSI produce?
What is the practical application of blocking photosynthetic reactions?
What is the practical application of blocking photosynthetic reactions?
What does the Calvin Cycle involve?
What does the Calvin Cycle involve?
What happens to triose phosphate in the Calvin Cycle?
What happens to triose phosphate in the Calvin Cycle?
Who identified the carbon flow in the Calvin cycle and its three stages?
Who identified the carbon flow in the Calvin cycle and its three stages?
What is the consequence of low CO2 levels in plants?
What is the consequence of low CO2 levels in plants?
Under what condition do mutant Arabidopsis plants without photorespiration survive?
Under what condition do mutant Arabidopsis plants without photorespiration survive?
What are the characteristics of CAM photosynthesis?
What are the characteristics of CAM photosynthesis?
What are the adaptations to reduce losses to photorespiration?
What are the adaptations to reduce losses to photorespiration?
What is the key factor in plant distribution and transport in vascular plants?
What is the key factor in plant distribution and transport in vascular plants?
What is the consequence of stomata closing due to water stress?
What is the consequence of stomata closing due to water stress?
What is the process of photorespiration?
What is the process of photorespiration?
What is the main characteristic of incomplete/facultative CAM plants?
What is the main characteristic of incomplete/facultative CAM plants?
What is the involvement of C4 photosynthesis?
What is the involvement of C4 photosynthesis?
What is the consequence of shoot and root architecture in resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants?
What is the consequence of shoot and root architecture in resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants?
What are the characteristics of CAM photosynthesis in extremely arid environments?
What are the characteristics of CAM photosynthesis in extremely arid environments?
What is the consequence of chloroplast avoidance and chemiosmosis in C4 photosynthesis?
What is the consequence of chloroplast avoidance and chemiosmosis in C4 photosynthesis?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Resource Acquisition in Plants
- Rubisco enzyme catalyzes the reaction between RUBP and CO2, fixing CO2 80x faster than O2 and can also react with oxygen
- Low CO2 levels lead to photorespiration, consuming O2 while producing CO2, and occurring in light
- Stomata closing due to water stress causes O2 build up, depleting CO2 and favoring photorespiration
- Mutant Arabidopsis plants without photorespiration can only survive under high CO2
- Adaptations to reduce losses to photorespiration include carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms and spatial/temporal segregation
- C4 photosynthesis involves CO2 concentrating mechanisms and spatial segregation of photosynthetic cells
- CAM photosynthesis fixes CO2 at night, conserves water, and is simple, with morphological features minimizing water loss
- Incomplete/Facultative CAM plants can recycle CO2 from respiration and occur only under drought stress
- CAM has high water use efficiency rates in extremely arid environments
- C4 is more costly than C3 and CAM, involving chloroplast avoidance and chemiosmosis
- Shoot and root architecture, as well as microbial mutualists, are key in resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants
- Water is a major factor in plant distribution, with important properties including cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension, and transport routes including apoplastic, symplastic, and transmembrane routes
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