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Questions and Answers
What is the water potential of pure water in an open beaker at room temperature?
What is the water potential of pure water in an open beaker at room temperature?
- Zero (correct)
- Negative
- Positive
- Dependent on the volume of water
What happens to water potential when solutes are added to a solution?
What happens to water potential when solutes are added to a solution?
- It increases
- It decreases (correct)
- It becomes zero
- It remains unchanged
What supports plant cells and tissues and can be lowered by water limitations causing tissues to wilt?
What supports plant cells and tissues and can be lowered by water limitations causing tissues to wilt?
- Solute potential
- Pressure potential
- Transpiration pull
- Turgor pressure (correct)
What drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem?
What drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem?
What is the function of the Casparian strip in the endodermis of plant roots?
What is the function of the Casparian strip in the endodermis of plant roots?
What allows water to withstand transpiration and is important for the transport of xylem sap?
What allows water to withstand transpiration and is important for the transport of xylem sap?
What is responsible for the diffusion of water vapor from moist air spaces on the leaf to the drier air outside via stomata?
What is responsible for the diffusion of water vapor from moist air spaces on the leaf to the drier air outside via stomata?
What causes the air-water interface to retreat farther into the cell wall and become more curved during transpiration?
What causes the air-water interface to retreat farther into the cell wall and become more curved during transpiration?
What type of work does ATP perform?
What type of work does ATP perform?
Why are plants green?
Why are plants green?
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
What happens with free energy in a closed system?
What happens with free energy in a closed system?
What is the role of Redox Reactions in respiration and photosynthesis?
What is the role of Redox Reactions in respiration and photosynthesis?
Why doesn’t equilibrium happen in living systems?
Why doesn’t equilibrium happen in living systems?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
What is the reason for plants appearing to restore something to the air that is needed by animals?
What is the reason for plants appearing to restore something to the air that is needed by animals?
What is the process by which sugars are moved throughout the plant?
What is the process by which sugars are moved throughout the plant?
What is the major pathway for water loss in a plant?
What is the major pathway for water loss in a plant?
What causes positive pressure to drive phloem sap from source to sink?
What causes positive pressure to drive phloem sap from source to sink?
What mechanism opens and closes stomata?
What mechanism opens and closes stomata?
What is the process by which water is moved quickly through the xylem?
What is the process by which water is moved quickly through the xylem?
What is the ratio, in percent, of the amount of moisture in a volume of air to the total amount which that volume can hold at the given temperature and atmospheric pressure?
What is the ratio, in percent, of the amount of moisture in a volume of air to the total amount which that volume can hold at the given temperature and atmospheric pressure?
What is the process by which sugars are loaded into sieve-tube elements before being exported to sinks?
What is the process by which sugars are loaded into sieve-tube elements before being exported to sinks?
What is the main reason for the movement of water into roots?
What is the main reason for the movement of water into roots?
What is the process by which sugars are unloaded at the sink?
What is the process by which sugars are unloaded at the sink?
What is the process by which a gas bubble is introduced to the water column in xylem?
What is the process by which a gas bubble is introduced to the water column in xylem?
What is the mechanism that explains the movement of water through xylem?
What is the mechanism that explains the movement of water through xylem?
What is the process by which water is pulled into the surrounding cells and air spaces to replace the lost water?
What is the process by which water is pulled into the surrounding cells and air spaces to replace the lost water?
What did C.B. van Neil discover about purple sulfur bacteria?
What did C.B. van Neil discover about purple sulfur bacteria?
Why does chlorophyll appear green?
Why does chlorophyll appear green?
What is the function of carotenoids in photosynthesis?
What is the function of carotenoids in photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of photosystems I and II?
What is the primary role of photosystems I and II?
What is the main purpose of blocking photosynthetic reactions?
What is the main purpose of blocking photosynthetic reactions?
What did Melvin Calvin identify in the Calvin cycle?
What did Melvin Calvin identify in the Calvin cycle?
How many stages does the Calvin cycle have?
How many stages does the Calvin cycle have?
What did W. Engelmann do in 1883 related to photosynthesis?
What did W. Engelmann do in 1883 related to photosynthesis?
What is the nature of sunlight crucial for photosynthesis?
What is the nature of sunlight crucial for photosynthesis?
Where does the synthesis through the Calvin cycle occur?
Where does the synthesis through the Calvin cycle occur?
What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?
What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?
What is the key process in which plants gain electrons from hydrogen atoms?
What is the key process in which plants gain electrons from hydrogen atoms?
What is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction between RUBP and CO2?
What is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction between RUBP and CO2?
In which type of photosynthesis do mesophyll cells pump CO2 into bundle-sheath cells, avoiding the use of RUBISCO?
In which type of photosynthesis do mesophyll cells pump CO2 into bundle-sheath cells, avoiding the use of RUBISCO?
What is the main benefit of CAM photosynthesis in arid environments?
What is the main benefit of CAM photosynthesis in arid environments?
What is the major factor in plant distribution and why is it important on a smaller scale?
What is the major factor in plant distribution and why is it important on a smaller scale?
What is the route through which water and solutes cross cell walls and extracellular spaces?
What is the route through which water and solutes cross cell walls and extracellular spaces?
What is the force exerted by water molecules at the air-water interface called?
What is the force exerted by water molecules at the air-water interface called?
What establishes the voltage across a membrane and is used to move solutes in plants?
What establishes the voltage across a membrane and is used to move solutes in plants?
What is the role of ion channels in plants?
What is the role of ion channels in plants?
What is the main function of rhizobia in association with legumes?
What is the main function of rhizobia in association with legumes?
What is the chemical potential of water or its capacity to do work called?
What is the chemical potential of water or its capacity to do work called?
What is the main benefit of chloroplast avoidance movements in plants under high light conditions?
What is the main benefit of chloroplast avoidance movements in plants under high light conditions?
What is the main function of chloroplasts in plants?
What is the main function of chloroplasts in plants?
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction between RUBP and CO2, fixing CO2 80x faster than O2?
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction between RUBP and CO2, fixing CO2 80x faster than O2?
What occurs when rubisco adds O to RuBP instead of C, consuming O2 and producing CO2?
What occurs when rubisco adds O to RuBP instead of C, consuming O2 and producing CO2?
What leads to O2 buildup and CO2 depletion, favoring photorespiration?
What leads to O2 buildup and CO2 depletion, favoring photorespiration?
Which plants can only survive under high CO2 levels due to a lack of photorespiration?
Which plants can only survive under high CO2 levels due to a lack of photorespiration?
What reduces losses to photorespiration in plants?
What reduces losses to photorespiration in plants?
Which plants involve spatial segregation of CO2 capture and concentration in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells?
Which plants involve spatial segregation of CO2 capture and concentration in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells?
Which plants fix CO2 at night and conserve water by closing stomata during the day?
Which plants fix CO2 at night and conserve water by closing stomata during the day?
Which plants exhibit CAM idling under severe water stress?
Which plants exhibit CAM idling under severe water stress?
Which plants have high water use efficiency rates, 5 to 10 times more than C3 or C4 plants?
Which plants have high water use efficiency rates, 5 to 10 times more than C3 or C4 plants?
What movements reduce photodamage to plants under high light conditions?
What movements reduce photodamage to plants under high light conditions?
What does plant resource acquisition include?
What does plant resource acquisition include?
What is responsible for the spatial segregation of CO2 capture and concentration in C4 plants?
What is responsible for the spatial segregation of CO2 capture and concentration in C4 plants?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis: Key Concepts and Processes
- W. Engelmann (1883) exposed filamentous algae to different light wavelengths
- C.B. van Neil (1930) discovered purple sulfur bacteria using H2S instead of H2O
- Plants split water to gain electrons from hydrogen atoms
- Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light reactions in thylakoids and synthesis through the Calvin cycle in stroma
- Nature of sunlight: electromagnetic energy with visible light wavelengths crucial for photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll appears green because it mainly absorbs red and blue light
- Photosynthetic pigments include reaction center chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids
- Light energy is converted to chemical energy through photosystems I and II
- Practical applications include blocking photosynthetic reactions to prevent weed growth
- The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO2 and produces sugars for energy storage
- Melvin Calvin identified the carbon pathways in the Calvin cycle
- The Calvin cycle has three stages: fixation/carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration
Photosynthesis and Resource Acquisition in Plants
- Rubisco enzyme catalyzes the reaction between RUBP and CO2, fixing CO2 80x faster than O2.
- Photorespiration occurs when rubisco adds O to RuBP instead of C, consuming O2 and producing CO2.
- Stomata closing due to water stress leads to O2 buildup and CO2 depletion, favoring photorespiration.
- Mutant Arabidopsis plants without photorespiration can only survive under high CO2 levels.
- Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms like C4 and CAM reduce losses to photorespiration.
- C4 photosynthesis involves spatial segregation of CO2 capture and concentration in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
- CAM plants fix CO2 at night and conserve water by closing stomata during the day.
- CAM plants have morphological features that minimize water loss and thick cuticles.
- Incomplete/Facultative CAM plants exhibit CAM idling under severe water stress.
- CAM plants have high water use efficiency rates, 5 to 10 times more than C3 or C4 plants.
- Chloroplast avoidance movements reduce photodamage to plants under high light conditions.
- Plant resource acquisition includes shoot and root adaptations, microbial mutualists, and water and mineral acquisition.
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