Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Quiz

Study Notes

Photosynthesis is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
It takes place in chloroplasts, specifically in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
It produces oxygen as a byproduct.
Cellular respiration is the process that breaks down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
It occurs in the mitochondria in most organisms.
Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Chloroplast: Chloroplasts are organelles containing chlorophyll, which is the pigment that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.
Gas exchange: Stomata are pores on leaves that allow for gas exchange (taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen). Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata to regulate water loss.
Transport: Xylem transports water, and phloem transports sugars throughout the plant.

Energy Production: Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP, the main energy currency for cells.
ATP: ATP is the primary energy source that cells use for various processes.
Aerobic Respiration: Most organisms utilize aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen.
Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
Waste products: Carbon dioxide and water are the waste products of aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation): Some organisms can use anaerobic respiration without oxygen. This process produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.
Lactic Acid Fermentation: During strenuous exercise, when muscles lack oxygen, lactic acid fermentation occurs, causing muscle fatigue.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule all cells use for energy.

Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches are composed of simple sugars (e.g., glucose) and provide energy.
Lipids: Fats and oils are made of fatty acids and have various functions, including storing energy, waterproofing, and forming cell membranes.
Proteins: Amino acids combine to form proteins, which are crucial for cell structure and many bodily functions (enzymes, hormones, etc.).
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information; important in protein synthesis.

Repeatable: Can be performed multiple times to achieve consistent results.
A large sample size: A large group of participants to ensure the accuracy of statistical inference.
Long periods of time: Studies that last longer tend to provide more reliable conclusions.
Independent variable test: Focusing on only changing one factor while keeping others constant to isolate causality.
Peer reviewed: Having other scientists review and evaluate the experiment to confirm accuracy.
Objective: The experiment and conclusions shouldn't reflect bias or personal opinions; must be driven by facts.
Following ethical and legal standards: Experiments involve people or animals should meet ethical and legal requirements.

Cell walls are a defining feature of plant cells, not animal cells.
Plant cells have large central vacuoles which store water and other substances.
Plant cells contain chloroplasts and conduct photosynthesis, whereas animal cells do not.

Passive Transport: Movement of substances across a membrane without energy; diffusion and osmosis.
Active Transport: Movement of substances across membranes from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration using energy input (ATP).