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Questions and Answers
What external factors impact the rate of photosynthesis in organisms?
What external factors impact the rate of photosynthesis in organisms?
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
What is the primary byproduct of cellular respiration?
What is the primary byproduct of cellular respiration?
Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell?
Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell?
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What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
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Which organisms can synthesize their own food through processes such as photosynthesis?
Which organisms can synthesize their own food through processes such as photosynthesis?
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What does the term Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) refer to?
What does the term Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) refer to?
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Which component of cellular respiration takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which component of cellular respiration takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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What is the role of herbivores in the trophic levels?
What is the role of herbivores in the trophic levels?
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Which statement correctly describes a food web?
Which statement correctly describes a food web?
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What component of DNA is responsible for coding genetic information?
What component of DNA is responsible for coding genetic information?
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What defines a homozygous individual?
What defines a homozygous individual?
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What is the position of producers in the trophic pyramid?
What is the position of producers in the trophic pyramid?
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How are traits inherited according to the principle of heredity?
How are traits inherited according to the principle of heredity?
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What describes a chromosome's function?
What describes a chromosome's function?
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In which scenario does a heterozygous individual occur?
In which scenario does a heterozygous individual occur?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria; utilizes chloroplasts.
- Light-dependent reactions take place in thylakoid membranes, while Calvin cycle occurs in chloroplast stroma.
- Cellular respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O.
- Cellular respiration happens in all organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Cellular Respiration Processes
- Glycolysis: Occurs in cytoplasm and initiates glucose breakdown.
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Takes place in mitochondrial matrix, producing energy carriers.
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Located in inner mitochondrial membrane, generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical processes in living organisms to maintain life.
- Converts nutrients into energy, facilitating breathing, digestion, and hormone regulation.
- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) represents the minimum energy needed at rest, accounting for 60%-70% of energy use.
Catalysts
- Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without undergoing permanent change.
- Can be natural (enzymes) or synthetic, optimizing reaction conditions and rates.
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
- Autotrophs (producers) synthesize their own food via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
- Heterotrophs (consumers) rely on other organisms for nutrition, including herbivores (primary consumers) and carnivores (secondary/tertiary consumers).
Food Webs and Trophic Levels
- Food webs are interconnected food chains showcasing the flow of energy and nutrients in ecosystems.
- Trophic levels reflect hierarchical feeding stages: producers, consumers (herbivores and carnivores), and decomposers.
- Trophic pyramids illustrate energy transfer; energy decreases from producers to top carnivores.
Genetic Information and Heredity
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) encodes genetic information and is structured as a double helix composed of nucleotides (A, T, C, G).
- Heredity involves the genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Chromosomes and Genes
- Chromosomes are threadlike structures in the nucleus, carrying genetic information through genes.
- Genes are specific nucleotide sequences on chromosomes that determine characteristics and may code for proteins.
Heterozygous and Homozygous
- Homozygous: Inherits the same gene version from both parents (e.g., two blonde hair alleles).
- Heterozygous: Inherits different gene versions from each parent (e.g., one blonde hair allele and one dark hair allele).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. This quiz covers the chemical equations involved, the organisms that perform these functions, and the roles of organelles such as chloroplasts. Dive into the world of plant biology and understand how energy transformation occurs.
