1104 Questions
What is the primary source of energy for life on Earth?
Radiant energy from the Sun
Which pigment is involved in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What is the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the energy stored within chemical bonds available for release in chemical reactions?
Chemical potential energy
What is the simple sugar produced by plants during photosynthesis?
Glucose
What is the term for energy from the Sun in the form of light?
Radiant energy
What is the storage form of glucose in plants, insoluble in water?
Starch
What is the term for the global ecological system that integrates all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
Which of the following is an example of a population?
A group of impalas in a game reserve
What is the term for the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Population Ecology
What is the term for a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
Which level of ecological organization includes a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the term for a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecologist
What is the term for the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings?
Ecology
What would likely happen to a hippo population if the river at St. Lucia estuary dried up?
The population would decrease
What is the term for all the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area?
Community
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
To convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
What is the purpose of testing for starch in plants?
To validate the process of photosynthesis
What is the primary source of energy for plants and animals?
Food consumed through nutrition
What is the by-product of respiration that is exhaled by humans?
Carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of using limewater to test for carbon dioxide?
To confirm the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the definition of ecology?
The scientific study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment
What is the role of glucose in photosynthesis?
To serve as food for the plant
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the property of starch that makes it ideal for long-term storage?
Insolubility in water
What is the purpose of respiration in organisms?
To release energy from food for life processes
What is the term that refers to the non-living physical and chemical elements of an ecosystem?
Abiotic
Which process involves the breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy for cellular processes?
Respiration
What is the term that describes the long-term interaction between individuals of different species within a community?
Symbiosis
What is the natural environment where an organism resides?
Habitat
Which type of interaction occurs when two or more species vie for the same limited resource?
Competition
What is the term that describes the seasonal movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migration
What is the term that refers to the living components of an ecosystem?
Biotic
In which type of interaction does one organism benefit at the expense of the other, which is harmed?
Parasitism
What is the term that refers to an organism that hunts and feeds on other organisms?
Predator
What is the system of interactions that occurs in a specific physical space, and the collective functioning of all these systems on Earth constitutes the biosphere?
Ecosystem
What is the result of decomposers breaking down dead organisms?
The release of nutrients back into the environment
What is the term for a graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy Pyramid
What is the percentage of energy consumed at each trophic level that is used for the organism's metabolic processes?
90%
What is the term for an organism that eats primary consumers?
Secondary Consumer
What is the term for a complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem?
Food Web
What is the role of the sun in energy flow in ecosystems?
To convert energy into chemical energy
What happens to energy as it flows from one trophic level to the next?
It decreases
What is the importance of food webs in ecosystems?
They contribute to the stability and resilience of ecosystems
What is the term for an organism that eats producers?
Primary Consumer
What is the result of human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, and pollution on ecosystems?
A decrease in ecosystem health
What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying matter and recycle nutrients
What is the main difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain shows a single pathway, while a food web shows multiple interconnected pathways
What is the primary source of energy for consumers in an ecosystem?
Producers, through photosynthesis
What is the role of omnivores in an ecosystem?
To have a diverse diet that includes both plants and animals
What is the term for the flow of energy from one organism to another within an ecosystem?
Energy transfer
What is the result of energy loss at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
A decrease in the energy available to consumers
What is the role of predator-prey relationships in an ecosystem?
To regulate the populations of other consumers
What is the term for the community of living organisms and their non-living environment in an ecosystem?
Ecosystem
What is the primary function of insectivores in an ecosystem?
To control the populations of insects
What is the result of the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem?
A decrease in the energy available to consumers
What is the main purpose of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with their surroundings and avoid predators
What is an example of a behavioral adaptation in plants?
Flower timing to attract pollinators
What is the main difference between camouflage and mimicry?
Camouflage helps animals blend in, while mimicry helps them resemble another species
What is the adaptation that allows the baobab tree to survive in arid regions?
Water storage in its trunk
What is the impact of human activities such as habitat destruction on the Riverine Rabbit?
It has severely impacted its survival
What is an example of a natural factor that can disrupt ecosystems?
Floods
What is the adaptation that allows the umbrella thorn acacia to survive in the African savanna?
All of the above
What is the term for the process by which animals enter a state of inactivity during winter to conserve energy?
Hibernation
What is the main difference between natural and human-induced changes to the environment?
Natural changes are temporary, while human-induced changes are permanent
What is the adaptation that allows the baobab tree to attract pollinators?
Its flowers emit a rotting meat odor
What is the primary cause of the extinction of dinosaurs?
Climate change
What is the main consequence of habitat destruction?
Disruption of ecosystem balance
What is the main threat to the survival of the Riverine Rabbit?
Habitat destruction
What is the main purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and provide safe havens for endangered species
What is the primary reason why biodiversity enhances the efficiency of energy flow in ecosystems?
It enables a diverse array of feeding relationships
What is an adaptation?
A change in an organism to survive in its environment
What is the term for the process through which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What is the effect of removing a key species from a food web?
It can have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem
In an energy pyramid, what is the characteristic of the available energy at each level?
The energy available decreases at each level
What is an example of a structural adaptation?
Long legs and strong muscles in some animals
What is the term for an adaptation that allows organisms to blend in with their surroundings?
Camouflage
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support the organisms living there?
Limit
What is the purpose of ecological monitoring?
To detect imbalances early and allow for timely interventions
What is the effect of a loss of primary producers in an ecosystem?
It disrupts the entire food chain
What is the term for a species that is at risk of extinction due to a significant decline in its population or habitat?
Endangered
What is the main goal of conservation efforts?
To maintain ecosystem balance
What is the primary consequence of habitat destruction on ecosystems?
Reduced habitats for countless species
What is one of the main threats to ecosystems posed by human activities?
Pollution and global warming
What is the primary factor that affects population growth in an ecosystem?
All of the above
What is the characteristic of an ecosystem that is in balance?
It has a delicate balance between different trophic levels and resources
What is the importance of biodiversity in ecosystems?
It contributes to ecosystem stability
What is the role of environmental organizations in conservation efforts?
To advocate for environmental protection
What is the effect of climate change on ecosystems?
It can lead to irreversible damage to ecosystems
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and species
What is the consequence of invasive alien species on ecosystems?
They outcompete native species for resources
Why is sustainable development important for ecosystem conservation?
It ensures long-term availability of natural resources
What is the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts?
It plays a vital role in conservation
What is the consequence of hunting and poaching on ecosystems?
It leads to population declines and ecosystem disruption
What is the importance of interconnectedness of ecosystems?
It leads to a ripple effect in ecosystems
What is the primary goal of engaging communities in conservation efforts?
To enhance conservation outcomes
What is the main threat to rhinos in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the term for a condition that impairs normal functioning and is often caused by microorganisms?
Disease
Who is considered the first microbiologist?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the term for single-celled microorganisms that belong to the kingdom Monera?
Bacteria
What is the term for microorganisms that do not fit neatly into the other kingdoms of life?
Protists
What is the term for a kingdom of organisms that include both microscopic and macroscopic members?
Fungi
What is the term for the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms within a host organism?
Infection
What is the term for microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate within the cells of a host organism?
Viruses
What is the term for the management of invasive species like the water hyacinth?
Invasive species management
What is the primary role of beneficial fungi in ecosystems?
Decomposition and nutrient cycling
Which type of protist is capable of performing photosynthesis?
Algae
What is a negative impact of microorganisms on the environment?
Spoilage of food
What is an industrial use of microorganisms?
Production of food and beverages
Which protist is known to cause malaria?
Plasmodium
What is a biotechnological application of microorganisms?
Genetic engineering
What is the primary function of predators in an ecosystem?
To control the population size of their prey
What is the term for an organism that primarily eats insects?
Insectivore
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is released into the atmosphere?
Oxygen
What is the term for the process of breaking down dead or decaying organisms to recycle nutrients?
Decomposition
What is the term for an organism that eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the foundation of any ecosystem?
Producers
What is the term for an organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other organisms for energy?
Consumer
What is the term for an organism that primarily eats plants?
Herbivore
What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the term for the pathways through which energy and nutrients flow within an ecosystem?
Feeding relationships
What is the main purpose of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the water and soil
What is the primary effect of human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, and pollution on ecosystems?
Disruption of food chains and food webs, leading to declines in biodiversity and ecosystem health
What is the primary source of energy for food webs?
The Sun
What is the term for a graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy Pyramid
What percentage of energy is converted into biomass and is available to the next trophic level?
10%
What is the term for an organism that eats primary consumers?
Secondary Consumer
What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain is linear, while a food web is complex and interconnected
What is the term for the flow of energy from one organism to another in an ecosystem?
Energy Flow
What is the primary function of oxygen in the ecosystem?
To support the process of respiration
Which of the following is an example of mutualism?
Bees pollinating flowers
What is the importance of food webs in ecosystems?
They contribute to the stability and resilience of ecosystems
What is the role of abiotic components in an ecosystem?
To facilitate the interaction between biotic and abiotic components
What is the term for an organism that eats producers?
Primary Consumer
What is the term for the natural environment where an organism resides?
Habitat
Which of the following is an example of competition?
Hyenas and vultures competing for food
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis?
To absorb light energy from the Sun
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is essential for the respiration of most living organisms?
Oxygen
What is the purpose of testing for starch in plant tissues?
To confirm the occurrence of photosynthesis
What is the term for the process by which organisms break down glucose molecules to release energy for cellular processes?
Respiration
What is the primary role of respiration in organisms?
To release energy from food
What is the result of the interaction between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem?
The ecosystem is maintained in a state of homeostasis
Which of the following is an example of parasitism?
Ticks feeding on the blood of animals
What is the term for the scientific study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment?
Ecology
What is the term for the seasonal movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migrate
What is the property of starch that makes it ideal for long-term storage in plants?
It is insoluble in water
What is the by-product of respiration that is exhaled by humans?
Carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of using limewater to test for carbon dioxide?
To detect the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the role of glucose in photosynthesis?
To be produced and stored by the plant
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the primary function of respiration in releasing energy from food?
To break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water
What is the main difference between a community and an ecosystem?
The presence of abiotic factors
What is the purpose of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
To absorb light energy for photosynthesis
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time?
Population
What is the primary function of producers in an ecosystem?
To provide energy to all other organisms in the ecosystem
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
To carry out photosynthesis
What is the term for the global ecological system that integrates all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
Which type of organism eats plants and is vital in transferring energy to higher trophic levels?
Herbivore
What is the energy transformation that occurs during photosynthesis?
Radiant energy to chemical potential energy
What is the significance of glucose produced during photosynthesis?
It is a primary energy source for living organisms
What is the term for a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecologist
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is released into the atmosphere?
Oxygen
What is the level of ecological organization that includes a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the effect of heat energy from the sun on plant growth?
It affects the overall environment in which plants grow
Which components of an ecosystem interact with each other to sustain life?
Biotic and abiotic components
What is the difference between starch and glucose?
Starch is insoluble in water, while glucose is soluble
What is the term for the energy flow within an ecosystem that illustrates how organisms obtain energy and nutrients?
Feeding relationship
What is the term for all the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area?
Community
What is the role of chlorophyll in absorbing light energy?
It absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
What is the term for organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem?
Decomposers
What is the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Population Ecology
What is the term for a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
What is the significance of radiant energy from the sun?
It is necessary for photosynthesis to occur
What is the term for the study of ecosystems, focusing on the interactions between biotic and abiotic components and the flow of energy and nutrients?
Ecology
Which type of organism eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the level of ecological organization that includes a population of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time?
Population
What is the term for the pathways through which energy and nutrients flow within an ecosystem?
Feeding relationship
What is the primary role of producers in the ecosystem, in terms of energy flow?
To produce energy from inorganic substances
What is a major cause of population decline in species?
Habitat destruction and fragmentation
What is the primary goal of conservation efforts?
To maintain ecosystem balance and preserve biodiversity
What is an example of a functional adaptation?
Hibernation in bears
What is the result of human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, and pollution on ecosystems?
Imbalance in ecosystem and potential extinction
What is the term for the process through which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What is the purpose of ecological monitoring?
To detect imbalances in ecosystems early and allow for timely interventions
What is an example of an invasive species?
A non-native species introduced to a new ecosystem
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species to an ecosystem?
Invasive species
What is the main goal of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and provide safe havens for endangered species
What is the term for the process of organisms changing their environment to better suit their needs?
Not applicable, as organisms cannot change their environment
What is the main advantage of biodiversity in ecosystems?
It enhances the efficiency of energy flow and reduces the impact of population fluctuations.
What happens when a key species is removed from a food web?
It has cascading effects on the entire ecosystem.
What is the main significance of the energy pyramid in an ecosystem?
It represents the distribution of energy among different trophic levels.
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support the organisms living there?
Limit
What is the effect of the loss of primary producers on the ecosystem?
It has cascading effects on the entire food chain.
What is the result of natural disasters like floods, hurricanes, and droughts on ecosystems?
They can cause sudden and severe disruptions to ecosystems.
What is the effect of climate change on ecosystems?
It can alter habitats, making them unsuitable for certain species and leading to shifts in population dynamics or even extinctions.
What is the term for the balance within an ecosystem, referring to the equilibrium between different trophic levels and the resources available?
Ecosystem Balance
What is the effect of the removal of phytoplankton from a marine ecosystem?
It leads to a decline in the population of primary consumers, affecting secondary and tertiary consumers.
What is the term for a species at risk of extinction due to a significant decline in its population or habitat?
Endangered
What is the primary role of omnivores in food webs?
To occupy multiple trophic levels
What is the main function of decomposers in ecosystems?
To break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients
What is the characteristic of a food web that distinguishes it from a food chain?
It shows the interconnectedness of various food chains
What is the result of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next?
Energy decreases at each trophic level due to heat loss
What is the role of insectivores in ecosystems?
To primarily feed on insects and help control insect populations
What is the term for the feeding relationships between organisms within an ecosystem?
Food webs
What is the main role of beneficial fungi in ecosystems?
Decomposition and nutrient cycling
What is the importance of predator-prey relationships in ecosystems?
To regulate population sizes and maintain balance
What is a characteristic of protists?
They are diverse and can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like
What is the characteristic of a carnivore?
It feeds on other animals
What is the result of nutrient cycling in ecosystems?
Nutrients are made available to producers
What is an example of an industrial use of microorganisms?
Production of food and beverages
What is the importance of feeding relationships in ecosystems?
To support the nutrient cycle and maintain ecosystem health
What is a negative impact of microorganisms?
Causing diseases in humans
What is an example of a plant-like protist?
Algae
What is a biotechnological application of microorganisms?
Genetic engineering
What is the primary goal of conservation efforts?
To protect and preserve natural habitats and ecosystems
What is the main threat to rhinos in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the primary function of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi?
To play a crucial role in ecosystem processes
Who is considered the first microbiologist?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the term for the process by which microorganisms cause disease in a host organism?
Infection
What is the primary characteristic of viruses?
They cannot replicate on their own and must infect a host cell
What is the term for the group of microorganisms that do not fit neatly into the other kingdoms of life?
Protist
What is the primary role of fungi in the ecosystem?
To decompose organic matter
What is the term for the microorganisms that are essential for processes such as digestion and nitrogen fixation in plants?
Beneficial bacteria
What is the term for the invasive species that can clog waterways, outcompete native plants, and alter aquatic ecosystems?
Water hyacinth
What is the main purpose of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with their surroundings and avoid predators
What is the adaptation of the baobab tree that helps it survive in arid regions?
All of the above
What is the term for the process by which plants produce food?
Photosynthesis
What is the result of human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation on ecosystems?
A decrease in population sizes
What is the main purpose of migration in animals?
All of the above
What is the adaptation of the umbrella thorn acacia tree that helps it survive in the African savanna?
All of the above
What is the term for the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings?
Ecology
What is the result of natural disasters such as floods and droughts on ecosystems?
Temporary disruptions in ecosystems
What is the adaptation of the Riverine Rabbit that helps it survive in the Karoo?
Eating certain plant types
What is the term for the ability of one species to resemble another, providing protection or other advantages?
Mimicry
What is the primary consequence of habitat destruction on ecosystems?
Disrupted ecosystem services
Which of the following is a key threat to ecosystems due to human activities?
All of the above
What is the significance of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem stability?
It enhances the resilience of ecosystems to environmental changes
What is the primary goal of conservation efforts?
To preserve the natural environment for future generations
What is the consequence of alien invasive species on native ecosystems?
They outcompete native species for resources
What is the role of environmental organizations in conservation efforts?
To advocate for environmental protection and implement conservation projects
What is the significance of protected areas in conservation efforts?
They provide safe havens for wildlife and preserve critical ecosystems
What is the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts?
It is vital for the success of conservation efforts
What is the consequence of pollution on ecosystems?
It contaminates air, water, and soil, harming wildlife and disrupting ecosystems
What is the significance of sustainable development in conservation efforts?
It ensures that natural resources are available for future generations
What is the main function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
To convert light energy into chemical energy
Why is radiant energy from the Sun essential for life on Earth?
Because it drives the process of photosynthesis
What is the difference between glucose and starch?
Glucose is soluble, while starch is insoluble
What is the relationship between light energy and chemical potential energy?
Light energy is converted into chemical potential energy through photosynthesis
Why do plants need chlorophyll?
To absorb light energy for photosynthesis
What is the primary source of energy for plants?
Light energy from the Sun
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is used by plants and animals?
Glucose
What is the importance of photosynthesis in the ecosystem?
It converts light energy into chemical energy
What is the name of the process where plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen?
Photosynthesis
What is the purpose of testing for starch in plants during photosynthesis experiments?
To validate the occurrence of photosynthesis
Which of the following is an example of mutualism?
A bee collecting nectar from a flower
What is the term for the non-living physical and chemical elements of an ecosystem?
Abiotic factors
What is the role of oxygen in respiration?
It is the reactant that enables energy release
What is the purpose of the respiration cycle in living organisms?
To produce energy for cellular processes
What is the energy source that initiates photosynthesis?
Light energy from the Sun
What type of interaction occurs when species compete for the same limited resource?
Competition
What is the equation for respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
What is the term for the seasonal movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migration
What is the term for the scientific study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment?
Ecology
What is the primary reactant for respiration?
Glucose
Which component of an ecosystem includes living organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms?
Biotic factors
What is the by-product of respiration that is exhaled by humans?
Carbon Dioxide
What is the term for the interaction where one organism benefits and the other is harmed?
Parasitism
What is the term for the complex network of interactions between biotic and abiotic components in a specific physical space?
Ecosystem
What is the purpose of limewater in respiration experiments?
To test for the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the term for an organism that hunts and feeds on other organisms?
Predator
What is the role of glucose in photosynthesis?
It is the by-product of photosynthesis
What is the property of starch that makes it ideal for long-term storage?
It is insoluble in water
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying matter, returning vital nutrients to the soil
What is the main difference between a carnivore and an omnivore?
Omnivores can occupy multiple trophic levels, while carnivores are limited to one
What is the primary role of predators in regulating population sizes?
To prevent overgrazing and maintain the sustainability of plant populations
What is the term for a group of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chain?
Trophic level
What is the primary reason for the pyramidal energy structure in ecosystems?
Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level due to the second law of thermodynamics
What is the term for the process of energy transfer from one organism to another through consumption?
Energy flow
What is the primary role of insectivores in ecosystems?
To help control insect populations and serve as prey for higher-level carnivores
What is the term for a graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy pyramid
What is the primary importance of food webs in ecosystems?
To illustrate the interconnectedness of various food chains
What is the term for the level of organization that includes a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the primary function of producers in an ecosystem?
To synthesize their own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their physical surroundings?
Ecology
Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem?
A small pond or a riverbank
What is the level of ecological organization that includes a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystems
What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients
What is the result of removing a key species from a food web?
A significant decline in the population of other species
What is the term for an organism that eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time?
Population
What is the main purpose of biodiversity in ecosystems?
To distribute energy more evenly among trophic levels
What is the term for the global sum of all ecosystems?
Biosphere
What is the term for the interaction between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem?
Ecological interaction
What happens to energy as it flows from one trophic level to the next in an energy pyramid?
It decreases significantly
What is the primary source of energy for producers in an ecosystem?
Inorganic substances
What is the term for a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecologist
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support the organisms living there?
Limit
What is the level of ecological organization that includes different populations of organisms that interact in a certain area?
Communities
What is the term for an organism that primarily eats insects?
Insectivore
What is the result of the loss of primary producers in an ecosystem?
A decrease in population size of primary consumers
What is the term for the flow of energy and nutrients within an ecosystem?
Energy flow
What is the term for the branch of biology that deals with the relations of populations in relation to their environment?
Population Ecology
What is the term for the interactions between organisms of different species within a community?
Interspecific interaction
What is the term for the equilibrium between different trophic levels and the resources available in an ecosystem?
Balance
What is the term for the process of interaction between organisms and their environment?
Interact
What is the term for all the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area?
Community
What is the effect of climate change on ecosystems?
It leads to irreversible damage
What is the term for the process by which organisms obtain energy and nutrients from other organisms?
Feeding relationship
What is the level of ecological organization that includes a group of organisms of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time?
Populations
What is the result of natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes on ecosystems?
Sudden and severe disruptions to ecosystems
What is the term for a species at risk of extinction due to a significant decline in its population or habitat?
Endangered
What is the relationship between organisms and their resources in an ecosystem?
Organisms rely on specific resources for survival
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the environment
What is the result of human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, and pollution on ecosystems?
A disruption to food chains and food webs, leading to declines in biodiversity and ecosystem health
What is the term for a linear sequence of organisms where each is eaten by the next member in the chain?
Food chain
What is the percentage of energy consumed at each trophic level that is converted into biomass and is available to the next trophic level?
10%
What is the term for an organism that eats primary consumers?
Secondary consumer
What is the importance of food webs in ecosystems?
They contribute to the stability and resilience of ecosystems
What is the term for a graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy pyramid
What is the role of the sun in energy flow in ecosystems?
To provide energy to producers through photosynthesis
What happens to energy as it flows from one trophic level to the next?
It decreases significantly
What is the main difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms, while a food web is a complex network of interconnected food chains
What is the primary reason for the decline of the Riverine Rabbit population?
Habitat destruction and agricultural expansion
What is the purpose of ecological monitoring?
To detect population declines early
What is the term for the process of organisms changing over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What is the result of human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture on ecosystems?
All of the above
What is the term for a species that is introduced to a new ecosystem and outcompetes native species for resources?
Invasive species
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and provide safe havens for endangered species
What is the term for the study of how organisms adapt to their environment?
Adaptation
What is the result of over-harvesting resources such as fishing, hunting, and logging?
Population declines and imbalances
What is the term for the introduction of pollutants into the environment?
Pollution
What is the purpose of implementing sustainable practices?
To reduce the impact of human activities on ecosystems
Which of the following is an ecological role of microorganisms?
Decomposition and nutrient cycling
What is the main reason behind the decline of native biodiversity due to alien invasive species?
Both A and B
What is a characteristic of protists?
They are a diverse group of microorganisms
Which of the following is NOT a threat to ecosystems?
Conservation Efforts
What is an example of an industrial use of microorganisms?
Production of food and beverages
What is the primary benefit of biodiversity?
Both A and B
What is a negative impact of microorganisms?
Causing diseases in humans, animals, and plants
What is an example of a beneficial fungus?
Yeast
What is the main reason behind the importance of conservation?
All of the above
What is a type of protist that performs photosynthesis?
Algae
What is the primary goal of conservation efforts?
To provide education and promote sustainable livelihoods
Which organization plays a critical role in advocating for environmental protection?
Both A and B
What is a major threat to rhinos in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the main purpose of establishing protected areas?
To conserve habitats and species
What is the term for the global ecological system that integrates all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
What is the primary function of microorganisms in ecosystems?
To participate in decomposition and nutrient cycling
What is the term for single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments?
Bacteria
What is the result of habitat destruction?
Both A and B
What is the primary role of local communities in conservation?
To play a vital role in conservation efforts
What is the term for microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate within the cells of a host organism?
Viruses
Who is considered the first microbiologist?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the term for the long-term interaction between individuals of different species within a community?
Symbiosis
What is the primary way to manage invasive species?
Mechanical removal and biological control
What is the role of anti-poaching patrols in rhino conservation?
Protecting rhinos from poachers
What is the term for a condition that impairs normal functioning and is often caused by microorganisms?
Disease
What is the term for the diverse group of microorganisms that do not fit neatly into the other kingdoms of life?
Protists
What is the primary purpose of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with their surroundings and avoid predators
What is the term for the adaptation that allows one species to resemble another, providing protection or other advantages?
Mimicry
Which of the following plants has adapted to store water in its thick trunk and spongy wood, allowing it to survive in arid regions?
Baobab Tree
What is the term for the process by which plants produce food?
Photosynthesis
What is the primary reason for the decline of the Riverine Rabbit population?
Habitat destruction
What is the term for the adaptations that allow plants to survive in different environments?
All of the above
Which of the following is an example of a human-induced change to the environment?
Habitat destruction
What is the term for the ability of plants to store water in their trunks, allowing them to survive during droughts?
Water Storage
What is the primary purpose of flower timing in plants?
To attract pollinators
What is the term for the adaptations that allow animals to survive in their specific environments?
Adaptations in Animals
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
To convert light energy into chemical energy
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
To absorb light energy for photosynthesis
What is the product of photosynthesis that serves as a primary energy source for living organisms?
Glucose
What is the term for the energy stored within chemical bonds, available for release in chemical reactions?
Chemical Potential Energy
What is the term for the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose?
Photosynthesis
What is the characteristic of starch that makes it ideal for long-term storage?
Insoluble in water
What is the effect of sunlight on plant growth, aside from providing energy for photosynthesis?
It affects the overall environment in which plants grow
What is the term for the green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecology
Which level of ecological organization includes a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time?
Population
What is the term for the global ecological system that integrates all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
Which level of ecological organization is the most inclusive, encompassing all living beings and their interactions?
Biosphere
What is the term for a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecologist
What is the term for all the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area?
Community
What is the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Population Ecology
What is the term for the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings?
Ecology
What is the term for a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
What is the role of chlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis?
To absorb light energy from the Sun
What is the primary function of starch in plants?
To store energy for growth and maintenance
What is the by-product of respiration that is exhaled by humans?
Carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of testing for starch in plants?
To validate the occurrence of photosynthesis
What is the role of oxygen in the process of respiration?
To facilitate the breakdown of glucose to release energy
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the primary source of energy for plants and animals?
Light energy from the Sun
What is the purpose of using limewater to test for carbon dioxide?
To detect the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the equation for respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
What is the role of glucose in the process of respiration?
To release energy from the breakdown of glucose
What is the importance of the interaction between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem?
To maintain a balance of energy and nutrients
What is the primary function of oxygen produced during photosynthesis?
To support the respiration of most living organisms
What is the term for the type of interaction where one organism benefits at the expense of the other, which is harmed?
Parasitism
What is the role of plants in the ecosystem, according to the photosynthesis and respiration cycle?
To absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
What is the term for the movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migration
What is the term for a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the term for the living components of an ecosystem?
Biotic factors
What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem?
To provide energy to all other organisms in the ecosystem
What is the term for an organism that eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the term for the non-living physical and chemical elements of an ecosystem?
Abiotic factors
What is the term for the process by which organisms break down glucose molecules to release energy for cellular processes?
Respiration
What is the term for the interactions between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem?
Ecological dynamics
What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying organisms, recycling nutrients
What is the term for the type of interaction where two or more species compete for the same limited resource?
Competition
What is the term for an organism that eats plants?
Herbivore
What is the term for the study of ecosystems?
Ecology
What is the role of predators in an ecosystem?
To hunt and feed on other organisms, helping to control population sizes
What is the term for a small unit of energy stored in chemical bonds?
ATP
What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the term for an organism that cannot produce its own food?
Consumer
What type of consumer is a lion in a food chain?
Carnivore
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying matter
What type of relationship exists between a hawk and a snake in a food chain?
Predator-prey
What is the term for the linear sequence of energy flow from one organism to another in an ecosystem?
Food chain
What happens to energy as it flows from one trophic level to the next?
It decreases
What type of consumer is a human in a food chain?
Omnivore
What is the importance of food webs in ecosystems?
They illustrate the interconnectedness of various food chains
What is the term for the process by which nutrients are returned to the soil?
Nutrient cycling
What is the primary role of predators in a food chain?
To regulate population sizes
What type of representation is used to show the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy pyramid
What is the main benefit of biodiversity in ecosystems?
It reduces the impact of fluctuations in the population of any one species
What happens when a key species is removed from a food web?
It has a cascading effect on the entire ecosystem
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support the organisms living there?
Limit
What is the impact of climate change on ecosystems?
It alters habitats, making them unsuitable for certain species
What is the role of producers in an energy pyramid?
They capture solar energy and produce chemical energy through photosynthesis
What happens when primary producers are removed from a food web?
Primary consumers lose their food source and their population declines
What is the term for a species at risk of extinction due to a significant decline in its population or habitat?
Endangered
What is the term for the equilibrium between different trophic levels and the resources available in an ecosystem?
Balance
What is the result of population growth dynamics in an ecosystem?
A fluctuating population size
What is the main reason for the extinction of the dinosaurs?
Climate change
What is the term for the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Ecology
What is the primary impact of habitat destruction on species?
Disrupts ecosystem balance
What is the main function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the environment
What is the main goal of conservation efforts in maintaining ecosystem balance?
To reduce human impact on ecosystems
What happens to energy as it flows from one trophic level to the next in a food chain?
It is lost, with approximately 10% transferred to the next level
What is the term for a complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem?
Food web
What is the term for the seasonal movement of animals from one region to another?
Migration
What is the result of human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, and pollution on ecosystems?
Disruption of food chains and webs, leading to declines in biodiversity and ecosystem health
What is the primary function of adaptations in ecosystems?
To aid survival and reproduction
What is the term for an organism that eats primary consumers?
Secondary consumer
What is the term for the process by which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
Why are energy pyramids pyramid-shaped?
Because energy is lost at each trophic level
What is the primary impact of pollution on ecosystems?
Disrupts ecosystem balance
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species into an ecosystem?
Invasive species
What is the role of the sun in energy flow in ecosystems?
To provide energy through photosynthesis
What is the primary goal of ecological monitoring in maintaining ecosystem balance?
To detect imbalances early
What is the importance of food webs in ecosystems?
They contribute to the stability and resilience of ecosystems
What is the term for the study of population dynamics, resource availability, and environmental changes in ecosystems?
Ecological monitoring
What is the term for a graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy pyramid
What is the main difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain is a linear sequence, while a food web is a complex network
What is the primary function of fungi in ecosystems?
To decompose organic matter and cycle nutrients
Which type of protist is responsible for causing malaria?
Plasmodium
What is the primary role of microorganisms in industrial applications?
To produce food and beverages
What is the negative impact of some microorganisms on food?
They can spoil food, making it unsafe for consumption
What is the ecological role of microorganisms in ecosystems?
To decompose organic matter and cycle nutrients
What is the primary role of plant-like protists in ecosystems?
To perform photosynthesis
What is the primary aim of conservation efforts in protecting rhino populations in South Africa?
To prevent poaching and protect habitats
What is the main function of beneficial bacteria in the ecosystem?
To fix nitrogen in plants and produce certain foods
What is the characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from bacteria?
They require a host cell to replicate
What is the term for the study of microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye?
Microbiology
What is the primary function of fungi in the ecosystem?
To break down organic matter and recycle nutrients
What is the term for the process of removing invasive species from an ecosystem?
Mechanical removal
What is the characteristic of protists that distinguishes them from other kingdoms of life?
They are a group of organisms that do not fit neatly into other kingdoms
What is the term for the disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB)
What is the role of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the history of microbiology?
He was the first person to see and describe microorganisms
What is the term for the process of raising awareness about the importance of rhino conservation?
Public education
What is the primary consequence of habitat destruction on ecosystems?
Disruption of ecosystem services
What is the main effect of alien invasive species on native ecosystems?
Decline in native biodiversity and alteration of ecosystem functions
What is the primary role of environmental organizations in conservation efforts?
Conducting research and advocacy
What is the primary benefit of biodiversity for ecosystems?
All of the above
What is the primary consequence of pollution on ecosystems?
Disruption of ecosystem services
What is the primary importance of conservation efforts?
Preservation of natural resources for future generations
What is the primary role of protected areas in conservation efforts?
Providing safe havens for wildlife and preserving critical ecosystems
What is the primary consequence of hunting and poaching on ecosystems?
Population decline and ecological imbalance
What is the primary importance of community involvement in conservation efforts?
Playing a vital role in conservation efforts
What is the primary consequence of global warming on ecosystems?
Change in weather patterns, sea levels, and temperatures
What is the main purpose of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with their surroundings to avoid predators
What is the primary function of the umbrella-shaped canopy of the Umbrella Thorn Acacia tree?
To maximize light exposure
What is the main reason behind the Riverine Rabbit's critically endangered status?
Habitat destruction
What is the purpose of the baobab tree's ability to store water in its trunk?
To endure long dry periods
What is the term for the behavior of plants that bloom at specific times to attract pollinators?
Flower timing
What is the result of human activities such as habitat destruction and pollution on ecosystems?
Population declines and extinctions
What is the primary function of the baobab tree's smooth, reflective bark?
To reduce heat absorption
What is the term for the adaptation of some animals to enter a state of inactivity during winter to conserve energy?
Hibernation
What is the primary benefit of the king snake's mimicry of the coral snake?
To avoid predators
What is the main reason why many plants have evolved to bloom at specific times?
To attract pollinators
What is the reason why ice floats on water?
Water particles arrange themselves in a crystalline structure that takes up more space when they freeze.
What is the term used to describe the 'heaviness' of different materials of the same size?
Density
What is the state of matter that has particles that are much farther apart, resulting in lower density?
Gas
What is the reason why oil floats on water?
Oil is less dense than water.
What happens to the density of a gas when it expands to fill a larger container?
It decreases.
What is the term used to describe a group of particles or atoms that are close together?
Cluster
What is the result of an oil spill spreading over large areas?
It poisons marine life.
What is the purpose of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To compare the densities of different states of matter.
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid that leads to a high density?
Crystalline structure
What is the term used to describe the effect or influence of one thing on another?
Impact
What determines the density of a material?
The arrangement of particles
What happens to the particles of a material when it is heated?
They move further apart
What is the term for the phenomenon of materials changing in size when they are heated or cooled?
Expansion and Contraction
Why do engineers leave expansion joints in concrete roads?
To prevent cracking due to thermal expansion
What is the term for the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Ecology
What happens to the particles of a material when it is cooled?
They move closer together
What is the purpose of thermometers?
To measure temperature changes
What is the term for the process of materials returning to their original shape after heating or cooling?
None of the above
Why do bridges have expansion joints?
To accommodate the contraction and expansion of materials
What is the term for the increase in size of a material when it is heated?
Expansion
What is the main reason why understanding expansion and contraction of materials is important?
To prevent structural failures and prolong the lifespan of buildings and other structures
What happens to the length of a metal rod when it is heated?
It increases
What is the force that gas particles exert when they collide with the walls of their container?
Pressure
What happens to the pressure inside a container when the volume is decreased?
It increases
What is the purpose of a pressure gauge?
To measure the pressure of a gas
What happens to the particles of a gas when it is heated?
They speed up
What is the effect of cooling a gas on its pressure?
It decreases the pressure
What happens to the pressure inside a container when more gas particles are added?
It increases
What is the purpose of the activity 'Measuring Gas Pressure'?
To measure the pressure inside a balloon
What is the term for the device used to control the release or admission of air into a container?
Air valve
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 1000 grams?
Kilogram (kg)
What is the calculation for volume?
Length x Width x Height
What is the definition of density?
The measure of how much mass of a material fits into a given volume
What is the unit of measurement for volume that is equal to 1000 milliliters?
Liter (L)
What is the term for a property of a material or system that can be measured?
Physical Quantity
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 0.001 grams?
Milligram (mg)
What is the relationship between mass and the amount of matter in an object?
The greater the mass, the more matter it contains
What is the term for the amount of space an object occupies?
Volume
What is the formula to calculate the density of an object?
D = m / V
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
The density decreases
Which of the following materials would have the highest density?
A metal cube
What is the term for the amount of mass in an object?
Mass
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Closely packed in a regular, fixed arrangement
What is the density of a gas compared to a solid?
Lower
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a liquid to a gas?
The density decreases
Why does a dense material feel heavy for its size?
Because it has a high mass in a given volume
What is the purpose of comparing the densities of different materials?
To understand how density affects the 'heaviness' of objects
What is the term for the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
What is the result of the combustion of ammonium dichromate in oxygen?
It produces nitrogen gas, water, and dark green chromium oxide.
What is a common area of application for chemists?
Many fields, including medicine, environmental science, forensic science, and materials science.
Who is a renowned chemist and physicist known for her research on radioactivity?
Marie Curie.
What is the chemical formula for ammonium dichromate?
(NH_4)_2Cr_2O_7.
What is a common application of chemistry in careers?
Discovering new compounds, developing new materials, and finding ways to improve existing products.
What happens to the pressure of a gas when it is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
It decreases.
What is a chemical reaction?
A process in which substances are transformed into new substances.
What is a sign of a chemical reaction?
A change in the colour of the solution.
What is the purpose of using our senses to identify chemical reactions?
To determine if a chemical reaction has taken place.
What happens to the eggshell when an egg is placed in vinegar?
It dissolves.
What is the result of the reaction between vinegar and the eggshell?
The formation of a gas.
Why does the pressure of a gas decrease when its volume increases?
Because the particles have more space to move and collide less frequently.
What happens to the density of a gas when it is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
It decreases.
What is the purpose of the reaction flask or reaction vessel?
To carry out a chemical reaction.
What is a sign of a chemical reaction in addition to colour change?
All of the above
What is the definition of a reactant in a chemical reaction?
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction
What is the purpose of coefficients in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction
What happens to the particles of the reactants during a chemical reaction?
They break their bonds and form new bonds to create the products
What is the term for the rearrangement of atoms to form new compounds?
Chemical reaction
What is the definition of a product in a chemical reaction?
A substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction
What is the term for a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes?
Fermentation
What is the result of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen?
Water
What is the term for the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction?
Chemical equation
What is the characteristic of a chemical reaction that involves the formation of new bonds between atoms?
Formation of new bonds
What is the term for the process of detecting chemical reactions?
Observation of changes
What is the formula to calculate density?
D = m ÷ V
What is the characteristic of a dense material?
It has a high mass in a given volume.
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Particles are closely packed in a regular, fixed arrangement.
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
It decreases.
What is the state of matter with the highest density?
Solid
What is the term for the amount of matter in an object?
Mass
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a liquid to a gas?
It decreases.
What is the purpose of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To understand how density affects the 'heaviness' of objects.
What is the term for a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume?
Density
What is the characteristic of a less dense material?
It has a low mass in a given volume.
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 1000 grams?
Kilogram (kg)
What is the physical quantity that is measured by the amount of space an object occupies?
Volume
What is the ratio of mass to volume of a material?
Density
What is the unit of measurement for volume that is equal to 1000 milliliters?
Liter (L)
What is the term for the amount of matter in an object?
Mass
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 0.001 grams?
Milligram (mg)
What is the physical quantity that is measured by the amount of matter in an object?
Mass
What is the term that describes the amount of space an object occupies?
Volume
What is the result of a chemical reaction?
The reactants break their bonds and form new bonds to create the products.
What is a product in a chemical reaction?
A substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
What occurs during fermentation?
The conversion of sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
What is a reactant in a chemical reaction?
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction.
What is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction?
A chemical equation where the reactants and products are expressed using their chemical formulae.
What is a compound?
A substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together.
What is the purpose of a coefficient in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction.
What is a characteristic of a chemical reaction?
The reactants break their bonds and form new bonds to create the products.
What is an example of a combustion reaction?
The reaction between carbon and oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
What is a way to detect a chemical reaction?
By noticing the formation of gas, a change in color, or the production of heat or light.
What is the reason why ice floats on water?
Its particles arrange themselves in a crystalline structure that takes up more space.
What is the purpose of comparing the densities of different states of matter?
To understand the arrangement of particles in each state.
What is the term for a group of particles or atoms that are close together?
Cluster
Why does oil float on water?
Oil is less dense than water.
What happens when gas from a smaller container is transferred to a larger container?
It expands to fill the space.
What is the term for the measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume?
Density
Why is the density of sand high?
Its particles are closely packed together.
What happens when oil is spilled on water?
It forms clusters and floats on the surface.
What is the term for the effect or influence of one thing on another?
Impact
Why do we observe the differences in densities of liquids by layering them in a container?
To understand the differences in particle arrangement.
What is the primary purpose of understanding the expansion and contraction of different materials?
To prevent structural failures and prolong the lifespan of buildings and other structures
What happens to the length of a metal rod when it is heated?
It increases
What is the force that gas particles exert when they collide with the walls of their container?
Gas pressure
What is the effect of increasing the number of gas particles in a container?
The pressure increases
What is the effect of heating a gas on its pressure?
The pressure increases
What is the purpose of a pressure gauge?
To measure the pressure of a gas
What is the effect of decreasing the volume of a gas on its pressure?
The pressure increases
What happens to the pressure of a gas when it is cooled?
The pressure decreases
What is the result of using a pressure gauge to measure the pressure inside a balloon?
The pressure inside the balloon is found to increase as more air is added
What is the relationship between the number of collisions and the pressure of a gas?
The number of collisions increases as the pressure increases
What is the primary reason for the formation of distinct layers when different liquids are poured into a transparent container?
The liquids have different densities
What happens to the particles of a material when it is heated?
They speed up and move further apart
What is the purpose of expansion joints in concrete roads?
To allow for expansion upon heating
What is the reaction that occurs when ammonium dichromate burns in oxygen?
Combustion
What field of science does Marie Curie's research on radioactivity belong to?
Chemistry
What is the term for the decrease in size of a material when it is cooled?
Contraction
What is the primary reason for the design of bridges with expansion joints?
To allow for thermal expansion and contraction
What is the purpose of chemists in various fields?
To develop new materials and improve existing products
What is the principle behind the functioning of thermometers?
The expansion and contraction of materials with temperature changes
What is the product formed when ammonium dichromate burns in oxygen?
Cr2O3
What is the term for the application of chemistry in various fields, such as medicine, environmental science, and materials science?
Careers in Chemistry
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid material?
Tightly packed in a regular pattern
What happens to the density of a material when it is heated?
It decreases
What is the term for the increase in size of a material when it is heated?
Expansion
What is the primary reason for the creaking noises heard in tin-roofed houses on hot days?
The metal panels expand and scrape against each other
What happens to the pressure of a gas when it is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
It decreases
What is a sign of a chemical reaction?
A change in colour
What occurs when a gas is formed in a chemical reaction?
The presence of bubbles
What is the term for a process in which substances are transformed into new substances with different chemical properties?
Chemical reaction
What is the result of the reaction between calcium carbonate in the eggshell and acetic acid in vinegar?
The production of carbon dioxide gas
What can we use our senses to identify in a chemical reaction?
Heat, smell, and sound
What is the term for a container used to carry out a chemical reaction?
Reaction flask
What happens to the particles of a gas when its volume is increased?
They have more space to move
What is a result of decreasing the volume of a gas?
Increased pressure
What is the term for a solid material that appears in the reaction flask during a chemical reaction?
Precipitate
What is the unit of measurement for mass?
Kilogram (kg)
What is the definition of volume?
The amount of space an object occupies
What is the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
What is an example of a unit of measurement for volume?
Milliliter (mL)
What does the mass of an object depend on?
The amount of matter in the object
What is the relationship between milliliters and liters?
1 L = 1000 mL
What is the definition of density?
The measure of how much mass of a material fits into a given volume
What is the unit of measurement for density?
Kilogram per liter (kg/L)
What determines the density of a material?
The arrangement and behavior of its particles
What happens to the particles of a material when it is heated?
They speed up and move further apart
What is the purpose of expansion joints in concrete roads?
To allow for contraction and expansion due to temperature changes
What happens to a material when it is cooled?
It contracts and its particles move closer together
What is the main reason why ice floats on water?
Because the crystalline structure of ice takes up more space than the liquid state
What is the term for the change in size of a material due to temperature changes?
Thermal expansion and contraction
What is the primary factor that determines the density of a material?
The arrangement of its particles
Why do engineers need to consider the expansion and contraction of materials in their designs?
To ensure the structure can withstand temperature changes without damage
What is the purpose of a thermometer?
To measure the temperature of a substance
What is the term for a group of particles or atoms that are close together?
Cluster
What happens to the particles of a material when it is heated, according to the particle model explanation?
They speed up and push further apart
Why does oil float on water?
Because oil is less dense than water
What is the term for the process of designing structures and selecting materials that can withstand temperature changes?
Thermal engineering
What happens to the density of a gas when it expands into a larger container?
It decreases
What is the importance of considering the expansion and contraction of materials in construction and engineering projects?
To ensure the structure can withstand temperature changes without damage or cracking
Which of the following is an example of layering liquids by density?
Oil on top of water
What is the purpose of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To compare the densities of different states of matter
What is the term for the effect of one thing on another?
Impact
Why is sand a solid with high density?
Because its particles are closely packed
What is the result of oil spills on the environment?
It causes significant environmental damage
What is the primary reason for observing the expansion and contraction of different materials?
To prevent structural failures and prolong the lifespan of buildings
What happens to the length of a metal rod when it is heated?
It increases
What is the force that gas particles exert when they collide with the walls of their container?
Pressure
What is the effect of increasing the temperature of a gas on its pressure?
It increases
What happens to the pressure inside a container when the volume is decreased?
It increases
What is the purpose of using a pressure gauge?
To measure the pressure of a gas
What happens to the pressure inside a balloon when more air is added?
It increases
What is the effect of cooling a gas on its pressure?
It decreases
What is the relationship between the number of gas particles and the pressure inside a container?
More particles result in higher pressure
What is the formula for calculating density?
Density (D) = Mass (m) / Volume (V)
Which of the following materials is an example of a dense material?
A piece of cake
What is the term for the device used to measure the pressure of a gas?
Pressure gauge
What is the primary difference between the density of solids, liquids, and gases?
The arrangement and spacing of their particles
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
It decreases
What is the term for the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
Which of the following is an example of a less dense material?
A sponge
What is the purpose of comparing the densities of different materials?
To understand how density affects the 'heaviness' of objects
What is the term for the amount of matter in an object?
Mass
What is the term for the amount of space an object occupies?
Volume
Which of the following states of matter has the highest density?
Solids
What is the product of the combustion of ammonium dichromate in oxygen?
Nitrogen gas, water, and chromium oxide
What field of science is Marie Curie known for her research in?
Physics and Chemistry
What is the role of chemists in various industries?
Developing new materials and improving existing products
What is the color of the sparks produced when ammonium dichromate burns in oxygen?
Bright orange
Which fields involve the use of chemistry?
Medicine, environmental science, forensic science, and materials science
What happens to the density of a gas when it is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
It decreases
Which of the following is a sign of a chemical reaction?
A change in smell
What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume is decreased?
It increases
What is the term for the process in which substances are transformed into new substances with different chemical properties?
Chemical reaction
What is the purpose of using a reaction flask in a chemical reaction?
To carry out the chemical reaction
What is the result of the reaction between vinegar and the eggshell?
The dissolution of the eggshell
What happens to the particles of a gas when its volume is increased?
They have more space to move
What is the term for the container used to carry out a chemical reaction?
Reaction vessel
What is the sign of a chemical reaction that involves the formation of a solid material?
Formation of a solid
What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume is increased?
It decreases
What is the primary result of a chemical reaction?
The formation of new compounds with different properties
What is the term for a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction?
Reactant
What is the process by which microorganisms convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide?
Fermentation
What is the term for a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction?
Chemical Equation
What is the term for the numbers placed before the formulae in a chemical equation to indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction?
Coefficients
What is the result of the reaction between carbon and oxygen?
Carbon Dioxide
What is the term for a substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together?
Compound
What is the term for the transformation of reactants into products during a chemical reaction?
Rearrangement of Atoms
What is the term for the visible changes that can help identify that a chemical reaction has taken place?
Physical Changes
What is the term for the process by which yeast converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide?
Fermentation
What is a compound?
A pure substance that consists of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together in fixed ratios
What is the term for the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bonds
What is the purpose of a chemical formula?
To represent the type and number of atoms in a molecule
What occurs in a decomposition reaction?
A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances
What is a mixture?
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and retain their individual properties
What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture?
A pure substance is composed of only one type of matter, while a mixture is composed of multiple types of matter
What occurs during a chemical reaction?
The breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, resulting in the formation of new substances
What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the purpose of a chemical equation?
To represent the reactants and products of a chemical reaction
What is the term for a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
What is an example of a compound?
Water (H2O)
Which mode of transmission involves the spread of pathogens through the air?
Airborne Transmission
What is the term for the increase in body temperature, often due to infection?
Fever
Which type of transmission occurs when pathogens enter the body through cuts or wounds?
Direct Contact Transmission
What is the term for the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
Which type of transmission occurs when pathogens are spread through contaminated food?
Foodborne Transmission
What is the term for making something impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance?
Contaminate
Which disease is typically transmitted through airborne transmission?
Tuberculosis
What is the primary role of beneficial gut bacteria in the human body?
To aid in digestion and nutrient absorption
What is fermentation primarily used for in the food industry?
To produce yogurt, cheese, and bread
What is the significance of Sir Alexander Fleming's discovery?
He discovered penicillin, leading to the development of antibiotics
What is the role of microorganisms in sewage treatment?
To break down organic matter, reducing pollution
What is the purpose of bioremediation?
To break down pollutants into less harmful substances
What is the significance of microorganisms in medical applications?
They are used to develop antibiotics and vaccines
What is the primary role of yeast in fermentation?
To convert sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol
What is the significance of microorganisms in environmental sustainability?
They are used to clean up oil spills and heavy metals
What is the primary role of microorganisms in biotechnology?
To produce insulin and human growth hormones
What is the definition of an element?
A substance that consists of only one type of atom
What is the purpose of scientific models?
To help us understand complex concepts and phenomena
What is the primary role of microorganisms in food processing?
To ferment food products
What is required for matter to change from one state to another?
Either heating or cooling
What is the role of John Dalton's postulates in understanding elements and their properties?
They form the basis of our understanding of elements and their properties
What is the process by which a solid changes directly into a gas?
Sublimation
What is the term for the central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons?
Nucleus
What is the term for the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
What is the term for particles smaller than an atom that make up its structure?
Sub-atomic particles
What is the result of evaporation and boiling?
Liquid to gas
What is the characteristic of elements that makes them unique?
Their atomic number
What is the term for the negatively charged sub-atomic particles that orbit the nucleus?
Electrons
What is the term for the gaseous state of a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature?
Vapour
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?
Evaporation
What is the significance of Democritus' concept of 'atomos'?
It introduced the idea of atoms as indivisible particles
What is the term for a substance that consists of atoms of the same element?
Element
What is the result of deposition?
Gas to solid
What is the importance of the atomic model in understanding atomic behavior?
It helps scientists predict and explain atomic behavior
What is the term for the change in form, appearance, nature, or character of a substance?
Transformation
What happens to the particles during melting?
They gain energy and vibrate more vigorously
What is the primary role of hand hygiene in preventing the spread of pathogens?
To reduce the risk of transmitting infections
Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne transmission?
Rabies transmitted through bites from infected animals
What is the main role of Louis Pasteur in combating infectious diseases?
Discovering vaccines for rabies and anthrax
What is the primary way HIV is transmitted?
Through unprotected sex with an infected person
What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in ecosystems?
Converting atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds
What is the primary benefit of using sterilized equipment in medical settings?
To reduce the risk of transmitting infections
What is the primary role of vaccination in preventing infectious diseases?
To stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens
What is the primary way to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections like HIV?
Practicing abstinence or safe sex
What is the role of decomposers in ecosystems?
Breaking down dead plant and animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the soil
What is the primary reason for pursuing a career in microbiology or medical research?
To make a difference in the world by combating infectious diseases
What is the main difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made up of single atoms, while compounds are made up of two or more different kinds of atoms
What is the main characteristic of mixtures?
Made up of different kinds of particles that are not chemically bonded
What is the classification of air according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Homogeneous mixture
What is the particle model of matter?
A scientific theory that explains the structure and behavior of matter in all three states
What is the key aspect of the particle model of matter?
All matter is made up of incredibly small particles
What is the classification of granite according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Heterogeneous mixture
What is the term for a controlled experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time to isolate the effects of that variable?
Controlled experiment
What is the term for an observable event or fact, especially one that is not fully understood?
Phenomenon
What is the term for a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on a body of evidence and repeated experiments?
Scientific theory
What is the classification of sea water according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Homogeneous mixture
What is a characteristic of particles in a solid state?
They are closely packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement.
What happens to particles during the process of melting?
They gain energy and move out of their fixed positions.
What is the result of condensation?
A gas transitions to a liquid.
Why is the particle model of matter useful?
It explains the properties of different states of matter and describes changes of state.
What is the term for the spaces between particles in a substance?
Voids
What happens to particles during the process of sublimation?
They gain energy and transition directly from solid to gas.
What is the term for the movement of particles in a gas?
Random movement
What is the primary function of the particle model of matter?
To describe the properties of different states of matter and changes of state.
What is the term for the process of changing from a liquid to a gas?
Evaporation
What is a characteristic of particles in a liquid state?
They are close together but not in a fixed arrangement.
What is the significance of protons in an atom?
They determine the atomic number and identity of an element.
What is the role of neutrons in an atom?
They stabilize the nucleus by reducing the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons.
What is the significance of electrons in an atom?
They determine the chemical properties and reactivity of an element.
What is a pure substance?
A material that consists of only one type of matter throughout.
What is the difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are pure substances that consist of only one kind of atom, while compounds are made up of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together.
What is the significance of the atomic model?
It helps us understand the behavior and interaction of atoms in different chemical reactions.
What is the importance of understanding pure substances in chemistry?
It provides a baseline for how elements and compounds behave when not mixed with other materials.
What is the term for the force that holds atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bond
What is the primary characteristic of the particles in a solid?
They are closely packed in a fixed arrangement and vibrate in place.
What is the term for a group of two or more atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the term for a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements?
Chemical formula
What is the primary reason for the difference in diffusion rates between gases and liquids?
Space between particles
What is the term for the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out?
Diffusion
What is the primary characteristic of the particles in a liquid?
They are close together but not in a fixed arrangement and move around each other.
What is the primary characteristic of the particles in a gas?
They are far apart and move freely and randomly.
What is the primary reason for the change in shape of a solid?
None of the above
What is the result of the random movement of particles in a substance?
Particles spread out and mix
What is the primary factor that affects the rate of diffusion?
All of the above
What is the term for the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Regular arrangement
What is the primary characteristic of the forces of attraction between particles in a solid?
They are strong and hold particles in place
What is one way to prevent the spread of HIV?
Practicing abstinence or safe sex
What is the main function of decomposers in ecosystems?
To break down dead plant and animal matter
What is the importance of hand hygiene in preventing the spread of pathogens?
It can significantly reduce the risk of transmitting infections
What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in ecosystems?
To convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants
What is the primary mode of transmission for malaria?
Through the bites of infected mosquitoes
What is the contribution of useful microorganisms to ecosystems?
They play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, food production, medicine, and environmental sustainability
What is the role of Louis Pasteur in medical microbiology?
He developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax
What is the function of sterilized equipment in medical settings?
To prevent the spread of infections like HIV
What is the importance of vaccination in preventing infectious diseases?
It stimulates the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens
What is rabies primarily transmitted through?
The bites of infected animals such as dogs and bats
What is the main role of beneficial gut bacteria in the human body?
All of the above
What is fermentation?
A metabolic process that produces energy under anaerobic conditions
What is the significance of microorganisms in sewage treatment?
To break down organic matter and reduce pollution
What is the role of yeast in bread making?
To convert sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol
What is the significance of Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin?
It led to the development of antibiotics, revolutionizing medicine
What is bioremediation?
The process of breaking down pollutants into less harmful substances
What is the role of microorganisms in biofuel production?
To produce renewable energy sources
What is the significance of microorganisms in food processing?
To ferment food, preserving and enhancing its quality
What is the role of yeast in genetic engineering?
To produce important pharmaceuticals
What is the significance of microorganisms in environmental sustainability?
To play a critical role in cleaning up pollutants and reducing pollution
What is the term for a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
Which of the following is an example of airborne transmission?
Flu
What is the term for making something impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance?
Contaminate
Which of the following is an example of foodborne transmission?
Salmonella
What is the term for the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
Which of the following is an example of direct contact transmission?
Tetanus
What is the term for the spread of pathogens from one host to another?
Transmitted
Which of the following is an example of waterborne transmission?
Cholera
What is an element in terms of chemistry?
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Who is credited with reintroducing the idea of atoms to the scientific world?
John Dalton
What is the term for the central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons?
Atomic nucleus
What is the purpose of scientific models in understanding complex concepts?
To simplify complex concepts and aid understanding
What determines the identity of an element?
Atomic number
What is the term for particles smaller than an atom that make up its structure?
Sub-atomic particles
What is the term for the arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number?
Periodic Table of Elements
What is the term for the negatively charged sub-atomic particles that orbit the nucleus?
Electrons
What is the significance of John Dalton's postulates in understanding elements and their properties?
They formed the basis of our understanding of elements and their properties
What is the term for the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom?
Atomic mass
What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?
A compound is a mixture of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together.
What is the term for the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bonds
What does the chemical formula H2O represent?
A compound of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
What is the result of the decomposition of water?
Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are formed
What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
A molecule is a group of atoms, while a compound is a pure substance.
What is the term for a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and retain their individual properties?
Mixture
What is the primary characteristic of elements?
They consist of single atoms.
What is the term for a pure substance that consists of only one type of matter throughout?
Element
What is an example of a diatomic molecule?
Oxygen (O2)
What is the term for the process in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances?
Decomposition reaction
What is the term for the forces that break existing bonds between atoms and form new bonds between different atoms?
Breaking and forming bonds
What is the main difference between compounds and mixtures?
Compounds are chemically bonded, while mixtures are not.
What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
Rocks
What is the term for a diagram that represents the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule?
Chemical formula
What is the particle model of matter?
A well-substantiated explanation of the structure and behavior of matter.
What is a key aspect of the particle model of matter?
All matter is made up of incredibly small particles.
What is a controlled experiment?
An experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time.
What is an example of a homogeneous mixture?
Sea water
What is the classification of matter that includes elements and compounds?
Pure substance
What is the term for the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Ecology
What is the primary characteristic of particles in a solid?
Particles vibrate but do not move from their fixed positions.
During evaporation, what happens to the particles?
Particles gain enough energy to break free from the liquid state.
What is the purpose of the particle model of matter?
To describe the properties of different states of matter.
What happens to the spaces between particles as you move from a solid to a gas?
They get larger and more empty.
What is the term for the process of particles moving directly from a solid to a gas?
Sublimation
What is the main reason why the particle model of matter is useful?
It explains the properties of different states of matter.
What happens to the energy of particles during melting?
Particles gain energy and move out of their fixed positions.
What is the main characteristic of particles in a solid?
They are closely packed in a regular, fixed arrangement.
What is the main difference between diffusion in liquids and gases?
Diffusion is faster in gases due to greater particle spacing.
What is the term for the movement of particles in a gas?
Random motion
What is the main difference between a solid and a liquid?
Solids have a fixed shape, while liquids have a definite volume.
What is the term for the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
Which of the following is a characteristic of particles in a gas?
They are far apart and move rapidly.
What is the term for the process of particles moving directly from a gas to a solid?
Deposition
What is the reason why particles in a liquid move more slowly than those in a gas?
Liquids have smaller particle spacing.
What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out?
Diffusion
Why do particles in a solid vibrate in their fixed positions?
Due to strong forces of attraction between particles.
What is the main characteristic of particles in a liquid?
They are closely packed but not in a fixed arrangement.
What is the term for the forces that pull particles towards each other?
Forces of attraction
Why do particles in a gas move very fast and freely?
Due to weak forces of attraction between particles.
What is the process by which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?
Evaporation
What is the term for the transformation of matter from one physical state to another?
Change of state
What is the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
What is the term for the gaseous state of a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature?
Vapour
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?
Solidifying
What is the term for the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state?
Sublimation
What is the term for the direct change from gas to solid without passing through the liquid state?
Deposition
What happens to the particles of a substance when it is heated?
They vibrate more vigorously
What is the term for the temperature of a substance that is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its particles?
Temperature
What is the process by which a solid changes to a liquid when it is heated?
Melting
Where are neutrons located in an atom?
In the atomic nucleus
What is the significance of the number of protons in an atom?
Determines the atomic number and identity of an element
What is the charge of electrons?
Negative
What is a pure substance?
A material made of only one kind of matter
What is the significance of electrons in an atom?
Determines the chemical properties and reactivity of an element
What is an element?
A pure substance that consists of only one kind of atom
What is the charge of neutrons?
Neutral
What is the significance of neutrons in an atom?
Stabilizes the nucleus by reducing electrostatic repulsion between protons
What is a compound?
A substance made up of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together
What is the term for a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
Which mode of transmission involves droplets in the air?
Airborne Transmission
What is the result of consuming contaminated water?
Severe diarrhea and dehydration
How can pathogens enter the body?
All of the above
What is the term for the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
What is the primary mode of transmission for tetanus bacteria?
Direct Contact Transmission
What is the term for making something impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance?
Contaminate
What is the result of improper food handling and preparation?
Contamination with bacteria like Salmonella or E.coli
What is the function of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?
To stabilize the nucleus by reducing electrostatic repulsion between protons
What determines the chemical properties and reactivity of an element?
The arrangement of electrons in the outermost shell
What is a characteristic of a pure substance?
It consists of only one type of matter throughout
What is the term for a substance made up of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together?
Compound
What is the significance of the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom?
It determines the atomic number and identity of an element
What is the electron cloud model?
A model that depicts the atom as consisting of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons
What is the role of electrons in the atomic structure?
To orbit the nucleus and determine the chemical properties of an element
What is the term for the force that holds atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bond
What is the significance of pure substances in chemistry?
They provide a baseline for understanding chemical reactions and properties
What is the term for a group of two or more atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the primary mode of transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?
Through unprotected sex with an infected person or sharing needles
What is the term for a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and retain their individual properties?
Mixture
Which of the following is a benefit of hand hygiene in preventing the spread of pathogens?
It reduces the risk of transmitting infections
What is the term for the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical Bonds
What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in ecosystems?
They convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that plants can use
Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne transmission?
Bites from infected animals or insects
What is an example of a diatomic molecule?
Oxygen (O2)
What occurs in decomposition reactions?
Breaking of existing chemical bonds
What is the definition of an element?
A substance that consists of only one type of atom
What is the primary goal of vaccination in preventing infectious diseases?
To stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens
What is the term for a pure substance that consists of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together in fixed ratios?
Compound
What is the role of decomposers in ecosystems?
They break down dead plant and animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the soil
What is the term for the central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons?
Nucleus
What is the term for the process of understanding complex concepts or phenomena through simplified representations?
Scientific model
What is the primary function of Louis Pasteur's contributions to medical microbiology?
He developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax
What is represented by the chemical formula H2O?
Water
What is the result of the decomposition of water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases?
Formation of two new elements
What is the primary mode of transmission of Malaria?
Through bites from infected mosquitoes
What is the term for the fundamental principle or assumption that is accepted without proof as the basis for reasoning?
Postulate
What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the term for the smallest particles that make up an atom?
Sub-atomic particles
What is the primary role of antibiotics in medicine?
To kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
What is the primary benefit of using sterilized equipment in medical settings?
It reduces the risk of transmitting infections
What is the term for the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom?
Atomic number
What is the purpose of chemical formulae?
To represent the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule
What is the primary role of beneficial gut bacteria in the human body?
To aid in digestion and nutrient absorption
Which of the following microorganisms is used in the fermentation of milk to produce yogurt and cheese?
Lactobacillus
What is the term for the particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom?
Electrons
What is the term for the process in which atoms gain or lose electrons to form chemical bonds?
Not mentioned in the content
What is the outcome of fermentation under anaerobic conditions?
Conversion of sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol
What is the term for the combination of atoms in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds?
Atomic combination
Who is credited with reintroducing the idea of atoms to the scientific world?
John Dalton
In which application are microorganisms used to break down organic matter, reducing pollution and treating sewage?
Sewage treatment
What is the role of microorganisms in bioremediation?
To break down pollutants into less harmful substances
What is the term for the representation of atoms as composed of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting around this nucleus?
Atomic model
Who discovered penicillin by chance when he noticed that a mold produced a substance that killed surrounding bacteria?
Alexander Fleming
What is the result of microorganisms being used in genetic engineering?
Production of insulin and human growth hormones
What is the role of yeast in bread making?
To convert sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol
What is the purpose of microorganisms in environmental sustainability?
To clean up oil spills, heavy metals, and other environmental contaminants
What is the significance of microorganisms in medical applications?
They are used to develop vaccines and antibiotics
What is the main difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made up of single atoms, while compounds are made up of two or more different kinds of atoms.
What is the term for a mixture of different kinds of particles that are not chemically bonded?
Mixture
What is the classification of air according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Homogeneous Mixture
What is the term for a scientific theory that explains the structure and behavior of matter in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas?
Particle Model of Matter
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Closely packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement
What is the main characteristic of the particle model of matter?
Matter is made up of incredibly small particles.
What happens to particles during melting?
They gain energy and move out of their fixed positions
What is the classification of granite according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Heterogeneous Mixture
What is the term for a pure substance that consists of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded in a fixed ratio?
Compound
What is the term for the process of a solid changing directly to a gas?
Sublimation
What is the purpose of controlled experiments in understanding the particle model of matter?
To test hypotheses and understand phenomena
What is the classification of oxygen gas (O2) according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Element
What is the term for the movement of particles in a gas?
Random and rapid
What is the term for a controlled experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time to isolate the effects of that variable?
Controlled Experiment
What is the main purpose of the particle model of matter?
To explain the structure and behavior of matter in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
What is the result of particles gaining energy in a liquid?
They move more freely and break away from the liquid state
What is the term for the forces between particles in a solid?
Strong
What is the term for the study of the behavior of matter in its three states?
Particle model of matter
What is the result of particles losing energy in a gas?
They move more slowly and come closer together
What is the term for the spaces between particles in a solid?
Empty and void of air
What is the primary characteristic of particles in a solid state?
They are closely packed and have a fixed arrangement.
What is the main difference between diffusion in liquids and gases?
Diffusion is faster in gases due to their farther apart particles and higher speeds.
What is the term for the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the primary reason for the difference in compressibility between solids and liquids?
Solids have stronger forces of attraction between particles.
What is the characteristic of particles in a liquid state?
They are close together but not in a fixed arrangement.
What is the term for the forces that pull particles towards each other?
Forces of attraction
What is the characteristic of particles in a gaseous state?
They are far apart and move freely.
What is the factor that affects the rate of diffusion?
All of the above
What is the term for the movement of particles in a zigzag path due to constant collisions with other particles?
Random movement
What is the primary source of energy for the random movement of particles?
Heat energy
What is the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
What is the term for the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state?
Sublimation
What happens to the particles of a substance when it is heated?
They vibrate more vigorously and gain energy
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?
Evaporation
What is the result of particles gaining energy in a substance?
They vibrate more vigorously and break free from their fixed positions
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?
Solidifying
What happens to the particles of a substance when it is cooled?
They slow down and come closer together
What is the term for the transformation of matter from one physical state to another?
Change of state
What is the result of particles losing energy in a substance?
They slow down and come closer together
What is the term for the process by which a gas changes to a solid without passing through the liquid state?
Deposition
What is the term for a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
Which mode of transmission involves the spread of pathogens through untreated and contaminated water?
Waterborne Transmission
What is the term for the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
Which of the following is an example of direct contact transmission?
Tetanus bacteria entering the body through a wound
What is the term for an increase in body temperature, often due to infection?
Fever
Which mode of transmission involves the spread of pathogens through droplets in the air?
Airborne Transmission
What is the term for making something impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance?
Contaminate
Which mode of transmission involves the spread of pathogens through improperly handled or contaminated food?
Foodborne Transmission
What is the role of beneficial gut bacteria in the human body?
To aid in digestion and nutrient absorption
What is the process by which microorganisms convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol?
Fermentation
What is the application of microorganisms in the production of yogurt and cheese?
Fermentation
What is the role of microorganisms in sewage treatment?
To break down organic matter
What is the application of microorganisms in the development of vaccines?
To stimulate the immune system
What is the discovery made by Alexander Fleming that revolutionized medicine?
Penicillin
What is the role of microorganisms in biotechnology?
To produce biofuels
What is the process by which microorganisms break down pollutants into less harmful substances?
Bioremediation
What is the primary way to prevent the spread of pathogens?
Regular hand washing with soap and warm water
What is the application of microorganisms in bread making?
Fermentation
What is the mutualistic relationship between plants and microorganisms essential for?
Soil fertility and agricultural productivity
Which disease is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes?
Malaria
What is the role of Louis Pasteur in medical microbiology?
Development of vaccines for rabies and anthrax
What is the term for the process of converting sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation
What is the role of decomposers in ecosystems?
Breaking down dead plant and animal matter
What is the term for a substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria?
Antibiotic
How is HIV transmitted?
Through unprotected sex with an infected person
What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in ecosystems?
Converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form
What is the term for plants that have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
Legumes
What is the term for the process of killing harmful bacteria in food and drinks?
Pasteurization
What is an element in the context of chemistry?
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
What is the significance of John Dalton's postulates in the development of atomic theory?
They formed the basis of our understanding of elements and their properties
What is the function of protons in an atom?
To form the nucleus with neutrons
What is the significance of the number of protons in the atomic nucleus?
It determines the atomic number and identity of an element.
What is the purpose of scientific models in understanding complex concepts?
To simplify complex concepts and aid understanding
What is the significance of the atomic number in an element?
It determines the identity of the element
What is the role of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?
They stabilize the nucleus by reducing electrostatic repulsion between protons.
What is the significance of the electron arrangement in an atom?
It determines the chemical properties and reactivity of an element.
What is the term for the central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons?
Nucleus
What is a characteristic of a pure substance?
It consists of only one type of matter throughout.
What is the term for the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element?
Atom
What is the significance of Democritus' concept of 'atomos' in the development of atomic theory?
It introduced the idea that matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles
What is the term for a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and retain their individual properties?
Mixture
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
An element is a pure substance, while a compound is a mixture of different elements.
What is the term for a substance made up of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together?
Compound
What is the term for a pure substance that consists of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together in fixed ratios?
Compound
What is the term for the process of atoms combining in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds?
Combination reaction
What is the term for the study of the structure, properties, and reactions of matter?
Chemistry
What is the significance of the atomic model in understanding chemical reactions?
It helps us understand the interaction of atoms in different chemical reactions.
What is the term for the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical Bond
What is the term for a group of two or more atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the significance of understanding pure substances in chemistry?
It provides a baseline for studying chemical reactions and properties.
What is the term for a chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances?
Decomposition Reaction
What is the term for the force that holds atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bond
What is the term for a representation of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule?
Chemical Formula
What is the result of the decomposition of water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases?
Breaking of chemical bonds
What is the term for the process in which new bonds are formed between different atoms, resulting in new substances?
Formation of New Chemical Bonds
What is the term for a pure substance that consists of only one type of matter throughout?
Element
What is the term for the distinction between mixtures and pure substances?
Distinction
What is a characteristic of particles in a solid state?
Particles are closely packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement.
What happens to particles during the process of evaporation?
Particles gain enough energy to break free from the liquid state.
What is the primary function of the particle model of matter?
To describe the properties of different states of matter.
What is a characteristic of particles in a gas state?
Particles are far apart and move randomly.
What is the process called when a solid changes directly to a gas?
Sublimation.
What happens to particles during the process of condensation?
Particles lose energy and come closer to form a liquid.
What is the purpose of controlled experiments in the particle model of matter?
To test hypotheses and understand phenomena.
What is a characteristic of particles in a liquid state?
Particles are close together but not in a fixed arrangement.
What is the term for the process by which particles change from a solid to a liquid state?
Melting.
What is the term for the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Ecology.
What is the main characteristic of an element?
Made up of single atoms
What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?
A compound has a fixed ratio of atoms, while a mixture does not
What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
Rocks
What is the main characteristic of the solid state?
Particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement.
What is the particle model of matter?
A scientific theory that explains the structure and behavior of matter in all three states
What is a characteristic of the particles in the particle model of matter?
They are made up of atoms or combinations of atoms bonded together
What is the primary reason for the compressibility of gases?
Weak forces of attraction between particles.
What is the term for the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is an example of a pure substance?
Gold
What is the main factor that affects the rate of diffusion?
All of the above
What is the classification of matter that includes elements and compounds?
Pure substances
What is the main difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?
Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in their composition, while heterogeneous mixtures are not
What is the main reason for the slower diffusion rate in liquids compared to gases?
Particles are more closely packed in liquids.
What is the term for the forces that pull particles towards each other?
Forces of attraction
What is an example of a compound?
Water
What is the main characteristic of the liquid state?
Particles are close together but not in a fixed arrangement.
What is the scientific theory that explains the structure and behavior of matter in all three states?
The particle model of matter
What is the term for the act of watching or noting something for a scientific purpose?
Observation
What is the primary reason for the fixed shape of solids?
Particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement.
What is the term for the process of particles moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out?
Diffusion
What occurs when a solid is heated to its melting point?
It changes into a liquid
What is the term for the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
At what temperature does water boil at sea level?
100°C
What is the term for the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state?
Sublimation
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?
Solidifying
What is the result of heating a substance?
Its particles gain energy
What is the term for the transformation of matter from one physical state to another?
Change of state
What is the term for the energy of the particles in a substance?
Kinetic energy
What occurs when a gas is cooled?
It loses energy
What is the term for the direct change from gas to solid without passing through the liquid state?
Deposition
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