24 Questions
What is the purpose of the gray or antihalation backing in a black and white film?
To prevent halation in the film
What is the primary function of the gelatin in a black and white film?
To hold the crystals of light-sensitive compounds in emulsion
What is the relationship between the ASA rating of a film and its sensitivity?
The higher the ASA rating, the higher the sensitivity of the film
What is the difference between the ASA and DIN ratings of a film?
The ASA rating is arithmetic, while the DIN rating is logarithmic
What is the primary component of the emulsion in a black and white film?
Silver halide
What is the function of the base in a black and white film?
To support the emulsion
What is the ISO rating expressed in?
Combined arithmetical and logarithmic values
What type of film is sensitive to all colors?
Panchromatic film
What is the relationship between emulsion speed rating of the film and the size of the metallic silver grains?
The lower the emulsion speed rating, the finer is the grain
What is the characteristic of the top emulsion in a color film?
Sensitive to blue light only
What is the term for the sensitivity of the film as a function of the wavelength of the exposing light?
Spectral sensitivity
What is the common characteristic of films manufactured by different companies?
They have controlled variations in procedure
What is the purpose of the yellow filter layer above the middle emulsion?
To absorb unused blue light and prevent it from reaching the two lower emulsion layers
Which emulsion is sensitive to blue light but is not exposed to it due to the yellow filter layer?
Middle layer
What is the characteristic of the bottom layer of a color film?
Sensitive to red light but has low sensitivity to green light
What is the suffix given to reversal film?
Chrome
What is the composition of a photographic paper's emulsion?
Silver halide salts
What is the characteristic of chloride paper?
Low speed and suited for contact printing
Which type of paper is recommended for projection printing or enlarging?
Bromide Paper
What is the purpose of adjusting the paper contrast in B&W paper printing?
To yield a natural-scene result from negatives with varying density ranges
What is the characteristic of a photographic paper with a cold tone?
It has a slight blue cast
What is the result of printing a negative in complementary colors on a non-reversal print?
It reverses both the tone scale and the color of the negative
What is the primary difference between photographic papers for B&W and color printing?
The presence of couplers in color printing papers
What is the purpose of using different surface textures in photographic papers?
To provide a variety of aesthetic options
Study Notes
Film Classification
- ASA (American Standard Association) rating is expressed in arithmetical value, with higher numbers indicating more sensitivity.
- DIN (Deutsche Industri Normen) rating is expressed in logarithmic value.
Spectral Sensitivity
- Blue sensitive film: sensitive to UV rays and blue light only.
- Orthochromatic film: sensitive to UV rays and blue light only.
- Panchromatic film: sensitive to UV radiation to blue, green, and red light or all colors.
- Infra-red film: sensitive to UV rays, to blue, green, red light and infrared rays.
Granularity
- Refers to the size of metallic silver grains formed after development of an exposed film.
- Lower emulsion speed rating of the film results in finer grains, while higher emulsion speed rating results in bigger grains.
Color Films
- Multi-layer emulsion coated on the same support or base.
- Top emulsion: sensitive to blue light only, with green and red light passing through without effect.
Black and White Films
- Consist of emulsion, gray or anti-halation backing, and a support base.
- Emulsion: contains crystals of light-sensitive compounds (silver nitrate) evenly distributed throughout the plastic base material.
- Gray or anti-halation backing: prevents light from passing through the emulsion and forming a halo.
- Base: generally made of plastic material that serves as a support to the emulsion.
Characteristics of B&W Films
- ASA, DIN, and ISO ratings are used to classify films according to their sensitivity.
- Emulsion speed affects the size of metallic grains, with slower speeds resulting in finer grains.
Characteristics of Photographic Papers
- Composed of a light-sensitive coating (emulsion) on a paper base or support made of wood pulp.
- Emulsion is suspended on a gelatin and is made of silver halide salts.
- Characteristics include:
- Emulsion speed: chloride paper (low speed), bromide paper (fast speed), and chloro-bromide paper (multi-speed).
- Contrast range or grade: adjusts paper contrast to yield a natural-scene result from negatives with varying density ranges.
- Physical characteristics: surface texture, base weight or thickness, and color.
Test your knowledge of photographic films and papers! This quiz covers the basics of photographic film, including its composition, characteristics, and types. Learn about emulsion, silver halide crystals, and more!
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