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Questions and Answers
What is the term for individual speech sounds?
What is the primary focus of articulatory phonetics?
What is the purpose of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?
What is the term for the place in the mouth where a speech sound is made?
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What branch of phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds as they are transmitted through the air?
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What is the term for the vibration of the vocal cords during speech production?
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What is the term for a written representation of speech sounds using IPA symbols?
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What is the term for distinct speech sounds in a language that distinguish meaning?
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What is the term for variants of phonemes that occur in specific contexts?
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What is the primary focus of syntax?
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What is a phrase structure?
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What is a constituent structure?
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What is a tree diagram in syntax?
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What is a node in a syntax tree diagram?
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What is a terminal node in a syntax tree diagram?
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What is a part of speech?
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What is a functional category?
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What is the relationship between a word and its dependent?
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What is the theory that syntax is generated by a set of rules that transform underlying representations into surface structures?
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Study Notes
Phonetics
Definition
- Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds
- It examines the production, transmission, and perception of speech sounds
Branches of Phonetics
- Articulatory Phonetics: studies how speech sounds are produced by the movement of articulators (lips, tongue, teeth, etc.)
- Acoustic Phonetics: studies the physical properties of speech sounds as they are transmitted through the air
- Auditory Phonetics: studies how speech sounds are perceived by the human ear and brain
Speech Sounds
- Phones: individual speech sounds (e.g. [p], [t], [k])
- Phonemes: distinct speech sounds in a language that distinguish meaning (e.g. /p/ vs. /b/ in "pat" vs. "bat")
- Allophones: variants of phonemes that occur in specific contexts (e.g. [pÊ°] and [p] are allophones of /p/)
Transcription
- IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): a standardized system for transcribing speech sounds using unique symbols
- Phonetic transcription: a written representation of speech sounds using IPA symbols (e.g. [kæt] for "cat")
Key Concepts
- Place of articulation: where in the mouth a speech sound is made (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, velar)
- Manner of articulation: how a speech sound is made (e.g. stop, fricative, nasal)
- Voicing: whether a speech sound is made with the vibration of the vocal cords (e.g. [z] is voiced, [s] is voiceless)
Phonetics
Definition
- Study of physical properties of speech sounds
- Examines production, transmission, and perception of speech sounds
Branches of Phonetics
Articulatory Phonetics
- Studies production of speech sounds by articulators (lips, tongue, teeth, etc.)
Acoustic Phonetics
- Studies physical properties of speech sounds in transmission through air
Auditory Phonetics
- Studies perception of speech sounds by human ear and brain
Speech Sounds
Phones
- Individual speech sounds (e.g. [p], [t], [k])
Phonemes
- Distinct speech sounds in a language that distinguish meaning (e.g. /p/ vs. /b/ in "pat" vs. "bat")
Allophones
- Variants of phonemes that occur in specific contexts (e.g. [pÊ°] and [p] are allophones of /p/)
Transcription
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)
- Standardized system for transcribing speech sounds using unique symbols
Phonetic Transcription
- Written representation of speech sounds using IPA symbols (e.g. [kæt] for "cat")
Key Concepts
Place of Articulation
- Location in the mouth where a speech sound is made (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, velar)
Manner of Articulation
- Way in which a speech sound is made (e.g. stop, fricative, nasal)
Voicing
- Whether a speech sound is made with vocal cord vibration (e.g. [z] is voiced, [s] is voiceless)
Syntax Definition
- Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences and phrases, examining the rules governing word arrangement to convey meaning.
Key Concepts in Syntax
- Phrasal categories are categories of words based on their function in a sentence, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.
- Phrase structure refers to the organization of words into phrases, which are groups of words that function as a unit.
- Constituent structure is the organization of phrases into a hierarchical structure, showing how they relate to each other.
Syntax Trees and Representations
- Tree diagrams are visual representations of sentence structure, showing the relationships between words and phrases.
- Nodes are points in the tree where phrases or words branch off.
- Terminal nodes are the lowest points in the tree, representing individual words.
Syntactic Categories and Functions
- Parts of speech are categories of words based on their grammatical function, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.
- Functional categories are categories of words based on their role in a sentence, such as subject, object, etc.
Syntactic Relations and Dependencies
- Dependency refers to the relationship between a word and its dependent, such as a subject and its predicate.
- Government refers to the relationship between a word and its governor, such as a verb and its object.
- Modification refers to the relationship between a word and its modifier, such as an adjective and its noun.
Syntax Theories and Approaches
- Generative grammar is the idea that syntax is innate and hardwired into the human brain.
- Transformational-generative grammar is the theory that syntax is generated by a set of rules that transform underlying representations into surface structures.
- Functional grammar is the theory that syntax is driven by the functions and relationships between words in a sentence.
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Description
Learn about the study of speech sounds, its branches, and the physical properties of speech. Discover how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
