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Questions and Answers
What type of air stream mechanism is involved in the production of speech sounds?
What type of air stream mechanism is involved in the production of speech sounds?
- Glottalic egressive
- Pulmonic ingressive
- Velaric ingressive
- Pulmonic egressive (correct)
What is the state of the glottis during normal breathing?
What is the state of the glottis during normal breathing?
- Closed
- Narrow
- Open (correct)
- Constricted
What type of sound is produced when the glottis is in a closed position?
What type of sound is produced when the glottis is in a closed position?
- Glottal stop (correct)
- Voiceless sound
- Oral stop
- Voiced sound
What is the term for the quick closing and opening of the glottis to produce a sound?
What is the term for the quick closing and opening of the glottis to produce a sound?
What is the term for the study of the production of speech sounds?
What is the term for the study of the production of speech sounds?
What is the term for the place of articulation where the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge?
What is the term for the place of articulation where the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge?
What is the term for a sudden closure in the vocal tract that cannot be made long?
What is the term for a sudden closure in the vocal tract that cannot be made long?
Which of the following consonants is considered a nasal stop?
Which of the following consonants is considered a nasal stop?
What is the term for a consonant sound where air escapes through the mouth with friction?
What is the term for a consonant sound where air escapes through the mouth with friction?
Which of the following is an example of a tap or flap consonant?
Which of the following is an example of a tap or flap consonant?
What is the term for a consonant sound where the air stream can escape the mouth without friction?
What is the term for a consonant sound where the air stream can escape the mouth without friction?
Which of the following is an example of a trill consonant?
Which of the following is an example of a trill consonant?
What is the term for consonant sounds where the tongue strikes an extremely brief blow against another articulator?
What is the term for consonant sounds where the tongue strikes an extremely brief blow against another articulator?
What type of articulation is used in the production of the retroflex approximant /É»/?
What type of articulation is used in the production of the retroflex approximant /É»/?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sonorant sounds?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sonorant sounds?
Which of the following is NOT a type of stop consonant?
Which of the following is NOT a type of stop consonant?
What is the term for the feature that distinguishes /l/ from /r/ in English?
What is the term for the feature that distinguishes /l/ from /r/ in English?
Which of the following is an example of a glide (semi-vowel) in English?
Which of the following is an example of a glide (semi-vowel) in English?
What is the term for the sounds that block airflow and inhibit voicing?
What is the term for the sounds that block airflow and inhibit voicing?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 'dark l' in English?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 'dark l' in English?
Which of the following is an alveolar consonant in English?
Which of the following is an alveolar consonant in English?
What is the term for the process by which the tongue curls up to narrow the vocal tract?
What is the term for the process by which the tongue curls up to narrow the vocal tract?
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Study Notes
Pulmonic Egressive Air Stream Mechanism
- The shape of the glottis determines the type of sound produced:
- Open glottis: neutral state in normal breathing, producing voiceless sounds
- Narrow glottis: producing voiced sounds
- Closed glottis: producing a glottal stop
Plosives (Oral Stops)
- Defined by complete closure in the vocal tract
- Examples: pie, buy, die, tie, kill, goal
- Cannot be made into a long sound (e.g., "k" cannot be sustained)
Nasal Stops
- Defined by complete closure in the vocal tract, but in the nasal cavity
- Examples: my, night, sing
- Considered stops (non-continuants), but not plosives
Fricatives
- Air escapes through the mouth
- Examples: see, zoo, ship, think
- Include sounds [s, z, %, &, !, ", f, v, h]
Other Stop Sounds
- Taps or flaps: quick, ballistic movement of the tongue
- Examples: water, butter, letter (in General American, /t/ is realized as [ɾ] or [tÌ])
- Trills: repeated taps, as in "the rolling r" (Frankonian, Bavarian, etc.)
Approximants
- Continuant sounds, but air stream can escape the mouth without friction
- Examples: glides [w, j] (also known as semi-vowels), liquids [r, l] (rhotic liquid and lateral liquid)
Note about /r/
- Several different realizations across English varieties and positions within the same dialect
- Examples: [ɹ] (alveolar approximant, RP), [ɻ] (retroflex approximant, GA)
Lateral Consonant
- Oral airflow is central for all sounds in English except for /l/ (realized as [l] or [#])
- /l/ is lateral, with air flowing around the tongue
- This feature is most useful to distinguish among liquids (i.e., /l/ from /r/)
Sonorant Sounds
- Include nasal sounds, liquids, and glides
- Characterized by spontaneous voicing, greater openness of the channel, and carrying a greater amount of sound
- All vowels are sonorant
Obstruents (Non-Sonorant)
- Constriction inhibits airflow, causing supraglottal pressure to rise
- Voicing is prohibited unless special measures are taken to keep it going
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