Phonetics Quiz: Consonant Articulation
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Questions and Answers

Match the following phonetic symbols with their descriptions:

/r/ = Voiced, post-alveolar, approximant /ʃ/ = Voiceless, palato-alveolar fricative /ʒ/ = Voiced, palato-alveolar fricative /tʃ/ = Voiceless, palato-alveolar affricate

Match the following phonetic symbols with their voicing characteristics:

/r/ = Voiced /ʃ/ = Voiceless /ʒ/ = Voiced /tʃ/ = Voiceless

Match the phonetic symbols with their articulation types:

/r/ = Approximant /ʃ/ = Fricative /ʒ/ = Fricative /tʃ/ = Affricate

Match the phonetic symbols with their place of articulation:

<p>/r/ = Post-alveolar /ʃ/ = Palato-alveolar /ʒ/ = Palato-alveolar /tʃ/ = Palato-alveolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phonetic symbols with the condition of the soft palate:

<p>/r/ = Raised /ʃ/ = Raised /ʒ/ = Raised /tʃ/ = Raised</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phonetic symbols with the tongue contact description:

<p>/r/ = Near upper teeth ridge /ʃ/ = Contact with upper alveolar ridge /ʒ/ = Contact with upper alveolar ridge /tʃ/ = Closure at upper alveolar ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phonetic symbols with the diffusing of airstream characteristic:

<p>/r/ = Free escape without friction /ʃ/ = Diffuse friction /ʒ/ = Diffuse friction /tʃ/ = Diffuse escape after closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phonetic symbols with the status of vocal folds:

<p>/r/ = Vibrating /ʃ/ = Not vibrating /ʒ/ = May vibrate /tʃ/ = Not vibrating</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with their corresponding voicing and manner of articulation:

<p>/d/ = Voiced, alveolar, plosive /s/ = Voiceless, alveolar, fricative /z/ = Voiced, alveolar, fricative /n/ = Voiced, alveolar, nasal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with their primary articulatory feature:

<p>/d/ = Closure with vocal folds held wide apart /s/ = Narrow groove in the center of the tongue /z/ = Vocal fold vibration may or may not occur /l/ = Air escapes through a narrow opening without friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonant sound with its description:

<p>/s/ = Voiceless, the friction is caused with the alveolar ridge /z/ = Voiced, can have vocal fold vibration /n/ = Adds resonance of the nasal cavity /l/ = Air escapes without friction but with voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonant with the description of the soft palate position:

<p>/n/ = Soft palate is lowered /d/ = Soft palate is raised /s/ = Soft palate is raised /l/ = Soft palate is raised</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonant to its articulation involving tongue position:

<p>/d/ = Closure between tip and rims of the tongue and alveolar ridge /s/ = Blade of the tongue makes light contact with alveolar ridge /z/ = Center groove creates friction with alveolar ridge /l/ = Tip of the tongue in contact with the upper alveolar ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants to the air escape method:

<p>/d/ = Air escapes with force when the closure is released /s/ = Airstream escapes through a narrow groove /z/ = Airstream causes friction through the tongue and ridge /l/ = Air escapes along both sides of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonant to whether it is voiced or voiceless:

<p>/d/ = Voiced /s/ = Voiceless /z/ = Voiced /l/ = Voiced</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonant with its unique characteristic:

<p>/d/ = Plausibly has greater force upon release /s/ = Very little opening between teeth /n/ = Resonance of the nasal cavity added /l/ = Lip position varies with following vowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with their corresponding sounds:

<p>/j/ = Voiced, palatal approximant /k/ = Voiceless, velar plosive /g/ = Voiced, velar plosive /ŋ/ = Voiced, velar nasal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with their articulatory descriptions:

<p>/h/ = Glottal, fricative /j/ = Narrow opening with voice /k/ = Closure between back of tongue and soft palate /ŋ/ = Resonance from nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with the characteristics of vocal fold vibration:

<p>/j/ = May vibrate /k/ = Does not vibrate /g/ = May vibrate /ŋ/ = May vibrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with their nasal resonance characteristics:

<p>/ŋ/ = Soft palate lowered /k/ = Soft palate raised /g/ = Soft palate raised /h/ = No nasal resonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with their positions of articulation:

<p>/j/ = Close-mid to close front vowel /k/ = Back of tongue and soft palate /g/ = Back of tongue and soft palate /h/ = Upper part shaped for following vowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with their manner of airflow:

<p>/j/ = Diffuse air escape /k/ = Forceful air escape /g/ = Forceful air escape /h/ = Friction throughout vocal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with their common positions:

<p>/j/ = Syllable-initial, pre-vocalic positions /k/ = Syllable-initial positions /g/ = Syllable-initial positions /ŋ/ = Never appears after a voiceless consonant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the consonants with their lip position characteristics:

<p>/j/ = Neutral or spread lips /k/ = Neutral lips /g/ = Neutral lips /ŋ/ = Spread and neutrally open position</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phonemes with their characteristics:

<p>/m/ = Voiced, bilabial, nasal /f/ = Voiceless, labio-dental, fricative /θ/ = Voiceless, dental, fricative /t/ = Voiceless, alveolar, plosive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phonemes with their air escape characteristics:

<p>/w/ = Air escapes without friction and with voice /v/ = Air creates friction, vocal folds may vibrate /ð/ = Air produces friction, vocal folds may vibrate /f/ = Air creates friction, vocal folds do not vibrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phonemes with their place of articulation:

<p>/m/ = Bilabial /θ/ = Dental /t/ = Alveolar /f/ = Labio-dental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phonemes with their voicing:

<p>/v/ = Voiced /θ/ = Voiceless /ð/ = Voiced /t/ = Voiceless</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phonemes with their respective descriptions:

<p>/w/ = Voiced, bilabial, approximant /m/ = Voiced, bilabial, nasal /t/ = Voiceless, alveolar, plosive /v/ = Voiced, labio-dental, fricative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phonemes with their soft palate position:

<p>/f/ = Soft palate raised /m/ = Soft palate lowered /θ/ = Soft palate raised /w/ = Soft palate raised</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phonemes with their contact point:

<p>/f/ = Lower lip and upper teeth /θ/ = Tip and rims of the tongue with incisors /m/ = Lips together /t/ = Tip and rims of tongue with alveolar ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phonemes with their airflow over tongue characteristics:

<p>/m/ = Tongue remains in position of following vowel /w/ = Tongue moves to position of following sound /θ/ = Air escapes with friction over the tongue /f/ = Air escapes without airflow over the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following allophonic features with their definitions:

<p>Nasalization = Vowels becoming nasalized before nasal consonants Aspiration = Expiration of breath between voiceless plosives and vowels Glottal reinforcement = Voicing occurring with plosives in syllable-final position Devoicing = Voiced sounds becoming voiceless in specific contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the example sounds with their allophonic features:

<p>/kɪn/ = Nasalization /pɪn/ = Aspiration /pæk/ = Glottal reinforcement /bæd/ = Devoicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the approximants to their devoicing context:

<p>/l/ = Follows voiceless consonants /w/ = No specific devoicing context mentioned /r/ = No specific devoicing context mentioned /j/ = No specific devoicing context mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vowel sounds with their descriptions:

<p>/Ʌ/ = Occurs in unstressed syllables only. /ɑ:/ = Articulated with the back of the tongue in the fully open position. /ɒ/ = The jaws are wide apart, lips slightly rounded. /ɔ:/ = The back of the tongue is raised between open–mid and close–mid positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vowel sounds with their articulation characteristics:

<p>/ʊ/ = Tongue lax with no firm contact with the upper molars. /u:/ = Back part of the tongue raised to the close position. /ɜ:/ = Central part of the tongue raised between close–mid and open–mid positions. /ə/ = Articulated in a word-final position often similar to /Ʌ/.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the vowel lengthening examples with their contexts:

<p>/æ/ before /b/ = Lengthening occurs /æ/ before /d/ = Lengthening occurs /æ/ before /k/ = No lengthening occurs Natural /e/ = Lengthening occurs before voiced consonants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the vowel in Pre-Fortis Clipping with its feature:

<p>bead /biːd/ = Fully long before voiced consonants beat /biːt/ = Reduced before voiceless consonants bat /bæt/ = Lengthened before /b/ cat /kæt/ = Not affected by PFC</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the vowel sounds with their occurrence restrictions:

<p>/ɒ/ = Does not occur in final, open syllables. /ɔ:/ = Does not occur before /ŋ/. /ʊ/ = Does not occur in a word-initial position. /ə/ = Occurs in unstressed syllables only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of /l/ with their specific characteristics:

<p>Clear /l/ = Appears before vowels and /j/ Devoiced [l̥] = Follows voiceless plosives in accented syllables Dark [ɫ] = Appears in word-final position Partially devoiced = Follows voiceless fricatives in unaccented syllables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diphthongs with their starting positions:

<p>/aɪ/ = Involves an obvious closing movement of the lower jaw. /eɪ/ = Articulated similar to RP/GB /ɪ/.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vowel sounds with their soft palate position:

<p>/Ʌ/ = Soft palate is raised. /ɑ:/ = Soft palate is raised. /u:/ = Soft palate is raised. /ə/ = Soft palate is raised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nasalization example with its sound:

<p>/kɪn/ = Becomes nasalized in the presence of /n/ /#ænt/ = No nasalization effect /sneɪl/ = Nasal devoicing /təʊn/ = No nasalization effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the devoicing rules with their descriptions:

<p>Voicing change occurs between voiced sounds = No devoicing Voiced sounds followed by voiceless sounds = Devoicing occurs Voiced /b/, /d/, /g/ in initial position = No devoicing Voiced sounds adjacent to voiced sounds = No devoicing effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vowel sounds to their lip positions:

<p>/ɒ/ = Lips are slightly rounded. /ʊ/ = Lips are neutral (unrounded). /u:/ = Lips are closely rounded. /ɜ:/ = Lips are neutrally spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vowel sounds with their tension level:

<p>/ʊ/ = Tense. /u:/ = Tense. /ɜ:/ = Neither tense nor lax. /ə/ = Lax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vowel sounds with their tongue contact details:

<p>/Ʌ/ = No contact with the upper molars. /ɑ:/ = No contact with the upper molars. /ɒ/ = No contact with the upper molars. /ɔ:/ = No contact with the upper molars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the characteristics of /ɑ:/?

The jaw stays open and the lips are relaxed. The tongue does not touch the upper molars. This vowel does not appear in final, open syllables.

Describe the articulation of /ɒ/.

The jaw is open wide, the lips are slightly rounded, and the tongue does not touch the upper molars. This vowel does not appear in final, open syllables.

What is the position of the tongue and jaw for /ɔ:/?

The jaw is open slightly and the tongue is near the back, but not completely open. The lips are slightly rounded. This vowel does not appear before /ŋ/.

Describe the characteristics of /ʊ/.

The tongue is near the center, lifted slightly, and the lips are not rounded. This vowel does not appear in the beginning of a word or before /ŋ/.

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What is the definition of /u:/?

The tongue is pulled back towards the roof of the mouth. The lips are tightly rounded, and the tongue is tensed.

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Describe the characteristics of /ɜ:/.

The tongue is raised near the center of the mouth and the lips are spread out. This vowel appears in stressed syllables.

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What is the definition of /ə/?

The tongue is raised slightly near the center of the mouth and the lips are spread out. This vowel appears in unstressed syllables. It sounds like /Ʌ/ at the end of a word.

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What is the articulation of /aɪ/?

The tongue begins behind the front open position and glides towards the /ɪ/ position. The lower jaw closes during the glide and the lips change from neutral to slightly spread.

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The /m/ sound

Produced by closing the lips, lowering the soft palate, and releasing air through the nose, creating a nasal resonance.

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Plosive bilabial sound

Produced by momentarily closing the lips, allowing air to escape with force, and potentially vibrating the vocal cords.

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Labio-dental fricative

Produced by raising the soft palate and creating friction between the lower lip and upper teeth.

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Alveolar fricative

Produced by raising the soft palate and creating friction between the tongue tip and the alveolar ridge.

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Dental fricative

Produced by raising the soft palate and creating friction between the tongue and incisors.

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Alveolar plosive

Produced by the tongue tip and rims touching the alveolar ridge, creating a momentary closure, then releasing the air.

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Voiced bilabial plosive

Produced by momentarily closing the lips and then releasing air, vibrating the vocal cords.

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Voiced labio-dental fricative

Produced by raising the soft palate and creating friction between the lower lip and upper teeth, and potentially vibrating the vocal cords.

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What is the airflow mechanism for a plosive?

The air is forcefully expelled from the lungs when the alveolar closure is released, resulting in a burst of sound. There may or may not be vocal fold vibration.

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How is friction created in a fricative?

The airstream is directed through a narrow opening, causing friction between the tongue and the alveolar ridge.

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What is the articulation of /r/?

A sound produced by the tongue near the alveolar ridge, but without any contact, creating a smooth airflow. The tongue is slightly retroflexed, with the back rim of the tongue touching the upper molars. The lip position depends on the following vowel.

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What is the key difference in articulation for a nasal?

The soft palate is lowered, allowing air to pass through the nasal cavity, creating a nasal resonance.

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How is the /ʃ/ sound produced?

A voiceless sound made by forcing air through a narrow gap between the tongue and the alveolar ridge. The tongue's blade and tip touch the alveolar ridge, while the front is raised towards the hard palate. The sides of the tongue touch the upper side teeth.

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How is the /ʒ/ sound produced?

A voiced sound similar to /ʃ/, but with vocal folds vibrating. The tongue position and airflow are the same as /ʃ/.

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How is air released in an approximant?

The tip of the tongue is in contact with the alveolar ridge, allowing air to escape along both sides of the tongue.

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What is the primary characteristic of an alveolar consonant?

It involves the tongue touching the alveolar ridge, creating a closure, and the subsequent release of air.

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Describe the articulation of /tʃ/

A voiceless sound combining a stop and a fricative. The tongue stops the airflow for a moment, then releases it slowly, creating a hissing sound. The tongue's blade and tip touch the alveolar ridge, with the front of the tongue raised towards the hard palate. The release of the closure creates friction between the tongue and the roof of the mouth.

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What defines a voiced sound?

Vocal folds vibrate during the production of the sound.

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How is the /dʒ/ sound produced?

A voiced affricate, similar to /tʃ/, but with vocal folds vibrating. The tongue position and airflow are the same.

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What defines a voiceless sound?

Vocal folds do not vibrate during the production of the sound.

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What is the position of the soft palate in oral sounds?

The soft palate is raised, blocking airflow through the nasal cavity.

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What is a /θ/ sound?

A speech sound produced when the air stream is obstructed by a closure between the tip, blade, and rims of the tongue and the upper alveolar ridge and side teeth. The tongue is also raised towards the hard palate for the fricative release. The closure is released slowly, and air escapes over the tongue's central surface. Friction occurs between the tongue blade and the alveolar area of the roof of the mouth.

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What is a /g/ sound?

A speech sound where the air stream is obstructed by a closure between the back of the tongue and the soft palate. The vocal folds vibrate, adding voice to the sound. The air escapes with force when the closure is released.

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What is a /k/ sound?

A speech sound created when the soft palate is raised, blocking the passage of air through the nasal cavity. The back of the tongue forms a closure with the soft palate, and the vocal cords do not vibrate. The air escapes forcefully when the closure is released.

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What is a /j/ sound?

A sound produced by bringing the tongue close to the hard palate, but not creating a complete closure. Air flows smoothly through a narrow opening, creating a soft, voiced sound.

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What is a /ŋ/ sound?

A speech sound created by a closure formed in the mouth between the back of the tongue and the velum, while the soft palate is lowered. This allows the air to escape through the nasal cavity, adding resonance. The lip position varies depending on the preceding vowel.

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What is a /h/ sound?

A completely voiceless fricative where air is expelled from the lungs with pressure, causing friction throughout the vocal tract. The upper part of the vocal tract is shaped for the upcoming vowel.

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What is a /θ/ sound?

A closure is formed between the tip, blade, and rims of the tongue and the upper alveolar ridge and side teeth, with the tongue raised towards the hard palate. The air stream escapes slowly over the tongue's central surface, creating friction between the tongue blade and the alveolar area. The vocal cords may or may not vibrate, resulting in a voiced or voiceless sound.

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What is the role of the soft palate in nasal sounds?

A sound produced by the soft palate being lowered, allowing the air to escape through the nasal cavity, adding nasal resonance. This sound is typically found before a voiceless consonant.

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Allophonic Variation

A change in the pronunciation of a phoneme based on its position or surrounding sounds.

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Nasalization

When vowels next to nasal consonants are affected by the lowered velum, making them sound nasal.

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Aspiration

A burst of air released after a voiceless plosive, creating a stronger sound.

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Glottal Reinforcement

A slight glottal stop added at the end of certain sounds, especially voiceless plosives in final position.

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Devoicing

When voiced sounds become voiceless due to neighboring voiceless sounds.

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Clear, Devoiced, and Dark /l/

A variant of the /l/ sound that affects its quality based on its position in a word.

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Pre-Fortis Clipping (PFC)

A change in vowel length based on the following sound, often longer before voiced consonants.

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Lengthened /æ/

The /æ/ sound, usually short, becomes slightly lengthened before certain voiced sounds.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • The book is a guide to passing a phonetics and phonology exam.
  • The author hopes the guide is helpful.
  • The guide includes vowel and consonant descriptions, allophonic features, theory, practice exercises, mock exams and solutions.
  • The author recommends also reviewing other materials such as professor Komar's powerpoint presentations in case new material is introduced during the course.

Contents

  • Topics include monophthongs, diphthongs, vowel descriptions, consonant descriptions, allophonic features, theory practice, mock exams, solutions, and sources.
  • Page numbers are given for each section.

Vowel Chart(s)

  • This is a vital concept that students must learn and memorize.
  • Students need to know how to draw and locate vowels on the vowel chart.
  • They should also understand the gliding movement of diphthongs and where these sounds are positioned on the chart.
  • Key info is provided for monothongs and diphthongs.

Vowel Descriptions

  • Detailed information about the various vowels, including the position of the tongue, lips, and the palate for each vowel.
  • /i:/ - soft palate raised, front of tongue, lips spread, high-front tense.
  • /I/ - soft palate raised, tongue position close-mid, lips spread, tongue relaxed.
  • /e/ - soft palate raised, front of tongue, lips spread, tense.
  • Other vowels are described in detail with the same characteristics noted.

Consonant Descriptions

  • Detailed descriptions of each consonant, including manner of articulation, place of articulation and voicing.
  • /p/ - voiceless, bilabial, plosive, soft palate raised, lips close to form a closure, air compressed, sudden release.
  • /m/ - voiced, bilabial, nasal, lips close to form a closure, soft palate lowered to create a nasal cavity, air escapes through the nose.
  • /w/ - voiced, bilabial, approximant, lips rounded, tongue to front close-mid position
  • Many more consonants follow this format.

Allophonic Features

  • Describes how the pronunciation of sounds changes depending on the context of surrounding sounds.
  • This is a vital concept for understanding pronunciation in connected speech.
  • Includes topics such as Nasalization and Aspiration in detail.

Theory

  • Defines phonetics and phonology as the study of sounds and sound systems in a language.
  • Details of the speech mechanism(lungs, larynx, vocal folds, glottis, pharynx, teeth, palate and tongue)
  • Definitions and explanations of phoneme, allophone, GB/RP, cardinal vowels, and diphthongs.
  • Explanation of Pre-Fortis Clipping, Smoothing, place of articulation, manner of articulation.

Mock Exams

  • There are four mock exams for practice.
  • The format and content are similar to actual exams.

Solutions

  • Solutions to the mock exams are provided.

Other

  • Includes many terms, and explanations of related concepts like Linking /r/ and intrusive /r/ , Lexical stress, Sentence stress, Assimilation, Coalesence, Elision.
  • Also defined and used are other grammatical terms like allomorph, strong and weak forms

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A Guide to Passing Grade in Phonetics and Phonology (PDF)

Description

This quiz explores the intricate details of phonetic symbols and their corresponding characteristics. It includes matching exercises related to voicing, articulation types, and the role of the soft palate among other aspects. Test your knowledge of consonant sounds and their articulatory features.

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