25 Questions
What type of error is described in the London pilot study?
Assimilation
What happens to a consonant in assimilation?
It is influenced by a nearby sound
What is an example of assimilation given in the text?
/ks/ realised as /kd/
What is the result of assimilation on the word 'box'?
/box/ becomes /kd/
What is the relationship between the sounds that are involved in assimilation?
They are in the same word
What is the process of inserting a sound into a word, as illustrated in the example?
Syllable epenthesis
What is the original word used to illustrate syllable epenthesis in the example?
Aeroplane
What is the sound inserted into the original word in the example?
/a/
What is the result of syllable epenthesis in the example?
A change in the word's pronunciation
What is the purpose of syllable epenthesis in language?
To make words easier to pronounce
What happens to /t/ when it comes before the emphatics /t̄, d̄, s̄, Δ̄, z̄/?
/t/ is assimilated to the emphatics
What is the result of /d̄/ before /t̄/?
/d̄/ is assimilated to /t̄/ resulting in a double /t̄/
What happens to the consonants in the words аﺿطراب, аﺗﺿﺑط, аﺗﺻور?
The consonants are assimilated and doubled
What is the result of the assimilation of /t/ to the emphatics /t̄, d̄, s̄, Δ̄, z̄/?
A double /t̄/
What is the pattern of consonant change in the given examples?
/t/ to /t̄/ and /d̄/ to /t̄/
What happens to the /t/ sound when it comes before /d/ in voicing assimilation?
It becomes voiced
What is the effect of voicing assimilation on the pronunciation of the word?
The sound changes, but the word's meaning remains the same
What is the relationship between the sounds /t/ and /d/ in voicing assimilation?
One is a voiced version of the other
What is the result of voicing assimilation on the sounds /t/ and /d/ in the given example?
The /t/ sound changes to /d/
What is the term for the process described in the given example?
Voicing assimilation
What are the possible ways an utterance can start in Saudi-Arabic?
With a glottal stop, a vowel, or a consonant cluster
Which phoneme is optional in Saudi-Arabic?
The glottal phoneme
What is the significance of the glottal stop in Saudi-Arabic?
It is an optional phoneme at the start of an utterance
What can follow a glottal stop at the start of a Saudi-Arabic utterance?
Either a vowel or a consonant cluster
What is a characteristic of the consonant cluster in Saudi-Arabic utterances?
It can start the utterance
Study Notes
Definitions of Errors
- Assimilation refers to the process where a consonant changes its manner or place of articulation to match another sound in the same word, e.g., "box" (/) realised as / (/).
Syllable Epenthesis
- Syllable epenthesis is the insertion of a sound or syllable within a word, e.g., "aeroplane" (/) produced as /.
Saudi-Arabic Phonology
- In Saudi-Arabic, the glottal phoneme // is optional, and an utterance can start with a glottal stop //, a vowel, or a consonant cluster.
- /t/ assimilates to emphatic consonants /t, d, s, , z/, resulting in doubling of the emphatics.
Assimilation Examples
- /d/ assimilates to /t/ before /t/, resulting in a double /t/.
- Examples include اﺿطراب، اﺗﺿﺑط،اﺗﺻور, and // becoming //.
- /d/ assimilates to /t/ in words like // becoming /.
Voicing Assimilation
- /t/ before /d/ undergoes voicing assimilation, e.g., اﺗزﯾﱠن// becomes //.
Define and understand phonetics errors, including assimilation, from the London pilot study and main study.
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