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Questions and Answers
Which of these words would NOT be pronounced with a velarized /l/ in GAP?
Which of these words would NOT be pronounced with a velarized /l/ in GAP?
In which of these words would the /ŋ/ be found in medial position?
In which of these words would the /ŋ/ be found in medial position?
Which of these words has the /l/ phoneme omitted in conversational speech?
Which of these words has the /l/ phoneme omitted in conversational speech?
Which combination of sounds is NOT possible in GAP?
Which combination of sounds is NOT possible in GAP?
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Which of the following words DOES NOT have the /r/ pronounced as /ɚ/?
Which of the following words DOES NOT have the /r/ pronounced as /ɚ/?
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Which of these words illustrates the combination of /ɪ/ and /ŋ/ in GAP?
Which of these words illustrates the combination of /ɪ/ and /ŋ/ in GAP?
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Which of the following words exemplifies the retracted /l/ sound?
Which of the following words exemplifies the retracted /l/ sound?
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Which of the following words would likely be pronounced as a monosyllabic word?
Which of the following words would likely be pronounced as a monosyllabic word?
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What is coarticulation?
What is coarticulation?
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Which consonants are highlighted for their significant coarticulation effects?
Which consonants are highlighted for their significant coarticulation effects?
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In which context does the /ɹ/ become voiceless?
In which context does the /ɹ/ become voiceless?
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What are centering diphthongs in relation to the /ɹ/?
What are centering diphthongs in relation to the /ɹ/?
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Which of the following vowel combinations with /ɹ/ is primarily used in more formal speech?
Which of the following vowel combinations with /ɹ/ is primarily used in more formal speech?
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Which of the following is an example of a word containing the centering diphthong /ɛɹ/?
Which of the following is an example of a word containing the centering diphthong /ɛɹ/?
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What happens to the /ɹ/ in the context of CCV clusters?
What happens to the /ɹ/ in the context of CCV clusters?
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In the word 'pry', how is the /ɹ/ characterized?
In the word 'pry', how is the /ɹ/ characterized?
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Study Notes
Coarticulation
- Coarticulation is the influence of the target phoneme on surrounding phonemes.
- This study focuses on /u/, /l/, and /n/ which are significantly affected by coarticulation.
- While other consonants have unique qualities, these three require more detailed explanation.
The Turned R /r/
- The orthographic "r" varies significantly in pronunciation across languages.
- The IPA uses seven symbols for /r/ on the consonant chart, plus rhoticity in a diacritic section, and /ɜ/ in the vowel section.
- The IPA (1996) indicates that /r/ is now often used in initial positions of unstressed syllables and unaspirated consonant-vowel combinations.
Variations of the /r/ in CCV Syllables
- Coarticulation greatly affects the /r/ sound.
- When /r/ follows voiceless stops (/p/, /t/, /k/), or voiceless fricatives (/f/), it becomes voiceless.
- However, in CCV clusters like /stu/, /sku/, and /spu/, the /r/ remains unchanged.
Variations of the /r/ in VC Syllables
- Phonological rules dictate that /r/ only appears in syllables with certain vowels (/i/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ɔ/, and diphthongs /ai/, /aʊ/).
- /r/ can be paired with /ju/ (e.g., fire), creating either monosyllabic or bisyllabic words.
- The open-mid, central, unrounded vowel /ɜ/ is frequently used with rhoticity in GAP pronunciations.
- Centering diphthongs involving /r/ such as /ɪər/, /ɛər/, and /ɔər/ frequently replace formal /ju:/ sounds in everyday speech.
Variations of the /r/ in VC Syllables (cont.)
- In combination with the vowels /i/ or /e/, the /r/ changes or blends.
- When followed by back vowels like /o/, the /r/ is often omitted in conversational speech.
The Eng /ŋ/
- Nasal coarticulation and phonological rules limit /ŋ/'s vowel pairings to /i/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ɔ/, /ʌ/, and /a/.
- /ŋ/ is found at the medial and final positions of words/syllables.
- The vowel's pronunciation shifts when followed by /ŋ/ due to nasality.
The Lower-case L /l/
- The /l/ is the only lateral approximant in GAP, and its pronunciation varies with position.
- In initial CVC positions, /l/ is a voiced lateral approximant.
- When following a vowel, preceding a consonant, or at the end of a word, /l/ often becomes velarized (dark /l/).
The Lower-case L /l/ (cont.)
- When followed by front vowels, /l/ becomes retracted.
- /l/ pairs with back vowels, allowing the /l/ to be often omitted in conversational speech.
- /l/ can be monosyllabic or bisyllabic depending on the vowel/diphthong combination.
- Word-internal /l/ can become syllabic in unstressed syllables.
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Description
This quiz explores the influence of coarticulation on phonemes, focusing specifically on the sounds /u/, /l/, and /n/. Additionally, it examines the variations of the /r/ sound in different syllabic contexts, highlighting its behavior in conjunction with voiceless stops and fricatives.
