Phonetics and Phonology Overview

False (B)

Meaning in language

<p>declarative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Punctuations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Declarative = Makes a statement Interrogative = Asks a question Imperative = Gives a command Exclamatory = Expresses strong emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>I'm feeling blue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflectional Morphology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>morpheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compounding = Combining two or more words to form a new one Affixation = Adding prefixes or suffixes to a root Clipping = Shortening a longer word Blending = Merging parts of two words to create a new one</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>disagree (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>text</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nigeria, Kenya, India (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English is used in administration, media, law, education, and literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal Transmission = Language acquired in early childhood from adults Abnormal Transmission = Includes pidginization and creolization Pidginization = Informal learning of a simplified version of a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Outer Circle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights English's role as a common language for communication among non-native speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>World Englishes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mediate between academic and public concerns and find points of contact between the two perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It illustrates the global distribution and functions of English. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Braj Kachru</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive Approach = Focuses on how language is actually used Prescriptive Approach = Focuses on how language should be used Standard Language = The variety of language that is considered the norm World Englishes = The diverse forms of English used globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A phrase with a meaning that cannot be guessed from the words themselves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How language is used in context</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>idiom</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maxim of Quantity = Provide the appropriate amount of information Maxim of Quality = Say only what you believe to be true Maxim of Relation = Be relevant in what you say Maxim of Manner = Avoid ambiguity and obscurity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To only say what one believes to be accurate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actions speak louder than words</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prescribing focuses on what ought to happen, whereas describing focuses on what actually happens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Educational success and societal norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prescriptive Language = What ought to happen in language use Descriptive Language = What actually happens in language use Standard Language = Codified in dictionaries and grammar books Dialect = Regional and social-class varieties of language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Languages would not evolve without deviations from the norm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A barometer of language use and social values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sentence with one independent clause.

A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction.

A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

A sentence that combines features of compound and complex sentences.

A sentence that makes a statement.

A sentence that asks a question.

A sentence that gives a command or request.

A sentence that expresses strong emotion.

The pattern of high and low tones in a language, which can change word meaning.

The pattern of strong and weak beats in speech, based on stressed and unstressed syllables.

The length of time a sound lasts.

The smallest meaningful unit of a word. Can be a whole word or part of a word.

Studies how words change form to show grammatical information like tense, number, or gender.

Examines how new words are created by adding prefixes or suffixes to a root.

Combining two or more words to form a new word.

Adding prefixes (before the root) or suffixes (after the root) to create a new word.

Phrases with meanings that can't be guessed from the words themselves. For example, "kick the bucket" means "to die."

Words that naturally go together. For example, we say "make a decision" not "do a decision."

Short, well-known sayings that express wisdom or advice. For example, "Actions speak louder than words."

The study of how language is used in context. It explores how people interpret meaning based on the situation, speaker's intentions, and relationships.

A theory that suggests people follow certain rules in conversation to make communication clear and effective.

Rules that people typically follow in conversations to make communication clearer.

Provide the right amount of information---not too little and not too much.

Say only what you believe to be true. Don't provide false information.

The idea that language should be used in a specific, correct way, often based on rules and standards.

The practice of observing and analyzing how language is actually used in different contexts.

Differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary that occur within a language, often based on geographic location, social class, or other factors.

The standardized form of a language, typically used in writing, formal settings, and education.

The tension between the prescribed rules of a standard language and the variations found in dialects.

Linguistic variation is natural and essential for language evolution. No language form is inherently superior to another.

Language changes over time due to factors like social interaction, migration, and technological advancements.

The idea that the standard language often reflects the power and influence of a dominant group in society.

The use of English in countries where it is the native language and the language of government, education, and media. Examples include the UK, USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

The variations of English spoken in countries where English is not the native language, but is widely used in government, education, and business. Examples include India, Nigeria, Singapore.

Countries where English is used as a lingua franca for communication, particularly in international settings like business, tourism, and academia. Examples include China, Japan, and Brazil.

The conflict between the prescriptive view of language, which emphasizes correctness and adherence to rules, and the descriptive view, which focuses on how language is actually used.

Applied linguists play a role in mediating the tension between prescriptive and descriptive perspectives by analyzing the reasons for the conflict and investigating the practical consequences of each view.

The idea that English has evolved into different varieties around the world due to its global influence. These variations include both standard and non-standard forms of English.

The use of English as a common language for communication between people who speak different native languages.

The spread of English as a global language, with different levels of influence and acquisition.

Countries where English is the primary language, like the United States, the UK, Canada, and Australia.

Countries where English is an official or co-official language, often due to colonial history, like India, Nigeria, and Singapore.

Countries where English has gained importance for trade, education, and diplomacy, but with no strong historical ties to the language, like Japan, China, and Russia.

English used by non-native speakers as a common language for communication in international settings, such as business meetings, academic conferences, or online forums.

The typical way language is learned in childhood, through interaction with native speakers, allowing for language continuity across generations.

The acquisition of a language in simplified forms, often in adulthood, for communication in specific situations, like pidgins or creoles.