PHL Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What does the Law of Noncontradiction state?

A and non-A cannot both be true at the same time. (correct)

A must equal A.

Evidence is independent from truth.

Something is either A or non-A.

What does the Law of Excluded Middle state?

Something is either A or non-A. (correct)

A must equal A.

Truth claims need justification.

A is either true or false.

What is the Law of Identity?

A equals A.

What is warrantability?

Evidence or justification for making a truth claim. Signup and view all the answers

What does logical warrantability pertain to?

Logical principles. Signup and view all the answers

What is semantic warrantability?

Definition or semantics. Signup and view all the answers

What is systemic warrantability?

Warranty of every proposition within a logically interdependent system. Signup and view all the answers

What is empirical warrantability?

Confirmation of a relationship between an event and the external world. Signup and view all the answers

What is testimonial warrantability?

Empirical warrantability related to first-person experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is warranted true belief?

Claim that has evidence and is true. Signup and view all the answers

What is warranted false belief?

Claim with evidence deemed true but is actually false. Signup and view all the answers

What is unwarranted false belief?

Claim that has no evidence and is not true. Signup and view all the answers

What is unwarranted true belief?

Claim that has no evidence but is still true. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correspondence test?

A true proposition must correspond with a fact. Signup and view all the answers

What are theoretical posits?

Mental constructions of physical objects to make sense of experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is the realist/representationalist view?

External world exists outside our minds for verification. Signup and view all the answers

What is the antirepresentationalist view?

We are limited by our own perspective regarding the external world. Signup and view all the answers

What is the coherence test?

Measures consistency among statements within a system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pragmatic test?

What is true is what works. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Logical Principles

The Law of Noncontradiction indicates that contradictory statements cannot both be true simultaneously.
The Law of Excluded Middle states that any proposition must either be true or false, with no room for a middle alternative.
The Law of Identity asserts that any entity is identical to itself, represented as A equals A.

Warrantability Types

Warrantability refers to the justification or evidence supporting a truth claim.
Warrant is evidence or justification for a claim and operates independently from the claim’s truth.
Logical Warrantability is based on principles of logic, including the laws of identity, noncontradiction, and excluded middle; denying these undermines meaningful discourse.
Semantic Warrantability concerns definitions; a classification must align with definitions to be deemed true (e.g., humans are classified as mammals).
Systemic Warrantability refers to a system of logic where each proposition's validity relies on the overall integrity of the system (e.g., the Pythagorean theorem’s connection to axioms).
Empirical Warrantability is grounded in real-world experiences, demonstrating a relationship between events and external realities (e.g., historical events like the U.S. Civil War).
Testimonial Warrantability focuses on first-person accounts that convey personal experiences (e.g., "I am thirsty").

Types of Beliefs

Warranted True Belief describes a claim that is supported by evidence and is actually true (e.g., "The Earth revolves around the sun").
Warranted False Belief refers to claims that have supporting evidence but are actually false (e.g., "The Earth is the center of the universe").
Unwarranted False Belief indicates a claim with no evidence that is also false (e.g., "The moon is made of green cheese").
Unwarranted True Belief represents a true claim lacking evidence (e.g., believing oneself to be the smartest person without proof).

Tests of Truth

The Correspondence Test, developed by Bertrand Russell, involves the relationship between thoughts and facts: a proposition is true if it reflects an actual state of affairs.
Theoretical Posits are conceptual models constructed to make sense of sensory experiences, emphasizing that only sensory data are real.
The Realist/Representationalist View posits an external reality verified through the correspondence test, while the Antirepresentationalist View argues that our perspectives limit rational discourse about an external world, suggesting variability in standards of truth.
The Coherence Test assesses the consistency among beliefs within a system; a belief is valid if it aligns harmoniously with other accepted beliefs.
The Pragmatic Test emphasizes practical outcomes over theoretical validation, determining truth by effectiveness, including expressing and living values.

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Description

Explore key philosophical principles in Chapter 6 with these flashcards. The concepts include the Law of Noncontradiction, the Law of Excluded Middle, the Law of Identity, and Warrantability. Test your understanding and mastery of these foundational ideas.